Endocrine 1 (Type 1 Diabetes)

Question 1

Regular Insulin

Answer 1

Recombinant DNA from Human Proinsulin Gene

Short acting insulin that must be administered 30 mins before having a meal
- Mimics meal insulin
- Intermittent (Bolus) Release

Question 2

Neutral Protamine Hagedorn

Answer 2

Protamine + Regular Insulin
- Intermediate duration of action by reducing absorption rate from injection site
- Very unpredictable rate of absorption, very high variability (25-50%)

Continuous (Basal) Release

Question 3

Aspart

Answer 3

Rapid Acting Formulation
- Novo Nordisk (Yeast)

Question 4

Glulisine

Answer 4

Rapid Acting Formulation
- Sanofi Aventis

Question 5

Lispro

Answer 5

Rapid Acting Formulation
- Eli Lilly (E. Coli)

Question 6

Glargine

Answer 6

Long Acting Formulation
- Sanofi Aventis

2 Arginine Molecules
- Isoelectric point shifts, will precipitate out at physiological pH

Question 7

Detemir

Answer 7

Long Acting Formulation
- Novo Nordisk (Yeast)

Question 8

Degludec

Answer 8

Long Acting Formulation
- Degludec
- Novo Nordisk (Yeast)

Question 9

Insulin

Answer 9

• Glucose is translocated into Muscle and Fat
• Glycogen synthesis and storage in liver
• Reduces glucose production by liver
• Fat storage in adipose tissue
• Inhibition of Ketogenesis through inhibiting fatty acid oxidation & promotes fatty acid biosynthesis
• Protein synthesis in muscle

Question 10

Glucagon

Answer 10

Increase Blood Glucose Levels
- Gs –> AC –> CAMP –> PKA

PKA activates
1. Glycogen Phosphorylase
2. Mobilizes liver glycogen stores
3. Increases hepatic glucose output
4. Maintain normoglycemia