Endocrine Flashcards
The type of hormone interaction of _____ is where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their effects are amplified
Synergism
The release of parathyroid hormone in response to decreased blood calcium levels is a type of _______ stimulus.
Humoral
The hypothalamus has neural functions while also producing and releasing hormones, so it is referred to as ______ organ.
Neuroendocrine
Master of endocrine gland
Pituitary gland
Diabetes insipidus is characterized by the secretion of large amounts of dilute urine because of a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone. Antidiuretic hormone is secreted from the?
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary produces 6 hormones, what are those?
Mnemonic?
GPA B-FLAT
Promotes growth in general, particularly the skeletal system
Growth hormone (GH)
Controls the secretion of adrenocortical hormones which in turn affect the metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fat.
Corticotropin (ACTH)
Promotes mammary gland development and milk production
Prolactin
Controls the secretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland
TSH
Stimulates growth of graafian follicles in the ovary and promotes spermatogenesis in the male
FSH
Stimulates secretion of sex hormones by the ovary and testis
LH
__________, which makes up about 25% of the gland, serves as a storage area for:
Posterior pituitary
ADH
Oxytocin
ADH is also known as
Vasopressin
These hormones are produced from in th hypothalamus and transported in axons to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis for storage and secretion
ADH and Oxytocin
What could result if the parathyroid gland is excised?
Muscle convulsions
The most important regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. It finds major target cells in bone and kidney.
Parathyroid hormone
Produce parathyroid hormone, which acts to raise the concentration of calcium in the blood and reduce the concentration of phosphate ions
Chief cells
This gland lies at the back of the third ventricle of the brain. It produces the hormone melatonin (sleep hormones)
Pineal gland
Parotid gland is drained by:
(Accessory duct)
Stensen’s duct
The part of a developing salivary gland destined to become responsible for its functioning is called the:
Adenomere
The largest of the subunits and are separated by connective tissue septa
Lobes
Are secretory subunits of lobules. Consist of all of the secretory cells that release their products into a single intralobular duct.
Adenomeres
Composition of adenomere which synthesizes glycoproteins
Glandular cells
Minor salivary gland that is found in the tongue. Associated with circumvallate papilla
Von Ebner’s glands
2 adrenal glands also called as _______ are flattened, somewhat triangular-shaped endocrine glands resting upon the superior poles bone of each kidney at the back the abdomen
Suprarenal glands
Adrenal cortex produces three main types of hormones:
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex steroids
They are produces and released under the control of ACTH , influences the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, promoting breakdown of protein and the release of fat and sugars into the bloodstream
Glucocorticoids
Adrenal medulla produce and release:
80% of epinephrine ( adrenaline)and 20% norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
These hormones are released during emergency situations. “Fight or flight”
Epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal medulla
Tropic hormones
FSH
ACTH
LH
TSH
Secretory cells of the anterior pituitary are categorized into two groups, according to heir staining properties.
Acidophils (acidic stain) : secrete GH and prolactin
Basophils (basic ) : secrete TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH
What anterior pituitary hormone controls the production and secretion of cortisol?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Secreted from the anterior pituitary in response to corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus
ACTH
Excessive cortisol; moonface and buffalo hump appearance
Cushing’s Disease
Deficient cortisol; hyperpigmentation, adrenal crisis
Addison’s disease
FSH in females
Initiates ovarian follicle development and secretion of estrogens in the ovaries
FSH in males
Stimulates sperm production in the testes (spermatogenesis)
LH in males and females:
Females - stimulates the secretion of estrogen by ovarian cells to result in ovulation and stimulates formation of the corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone
Males - stimulates the interstitial cells of leydig in the testes to secrete progesterone
Main excretory duct of the pancreas
Wirsung’s duct
The degeneration of the islets of Langerhans leads to
Diabetes mellitus
Islets of Langerhans - endocrine cells of pancreas
Endocrine portion
Pancreatic exocrine cells ; filled with secretory granules containing digestive enzymes ( pancreatic lipase, etc.) that are screted into the lumen of the acinus
Acinar cells of the exocrine portion
2 ducts that may be associated with the pancreas:
Main pancreatic duct ( Wirsung’s duct)
Accessory pancreatic duct ( Santotini’s duct)
This ampulla discharges bile and pancreatic enzymes into ye descending portion. I d this duodenum
Hepatopancreatic duct ( Ampulla or Vater )
Begins at the tail and joins the common bile duct to form ampulla of Vater
Duct of Wirsung
A prominent feature of the superior mediastinum during infancy and childhood, in adulthood, it is usually replaced by adipose tissue.
Thymus
Its primary function is that of lymph organ; central control organ for the immune system.
Thymus
The most critical mineral involved in thymus gland
Zinc - involved virtually every aspect of immunity
Hormones produced by the thymus which stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes in other lymphatic organs.
Thymosin
Overproduction of TSH can lead to
GRAVE’S DISEASE
Secretes calcitonin that acts to reduceblood calcium, opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Parafollicular / C cells
Tumor prior to adolescence, excessive GH delays ossification of epiphyseal cartilage (non fusion of epiphysis)
Pituitary gigantism
After adolescence, excess GH
Acromegaly
GH deficiency resulting in early replacement of epiphyseal cartilage by bone
Pituitary dwarfism
Excessive thyroid hormones will lead to?
Hyperthyroidism
Deficient thyroid hormones will lead to?
Hypothyroidism
Is the outer layer of the adrenal cortex responsible for making mineralocorticoids.
Zona Glomerulosa
Help tyr body regulate salt and fluid levels, and maintain normal blood circulation.
Mineralocorticoids
Is the most important mineralocorticoid made by adrenal glands.
Aldosterone
A layer of the adrenal Cortez x which produces glucocorticoids.
Zona faciculata
Regulates sugar levels, maintain normal blood pressure, and help you respond to stress and illness.
Glucocorticoids
Is the most important glucocorticoid
Cortisol
The most potent androgen
Testosterone
Responsible for producing androgens (make hormones)
Zona reticularis
What portal venous system is critical for proper endocrine function?
Hypophyseal
The _______ contains abundant axons whose cell bodies are located mainly in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Neurohypophysis / posterior pituitary gland
They are associated with the mixed acini of the sublingual and submandibular glands as well as the glands of the esophagus and trachea.
Seroud demilunes
Are contractile cells that lie between the basement membrane and the plasma membrane of the secretory cells; possess manny actin-containing microfilaments, which squeeze on the secretory cells and move their products toward theexcretory ducts.
Myoepithelial cells
Are rumors that can affect vision, sometimes causing vision loss.
Pituitary adenomas
Consist of perforated areas on either side of the crista galli. Transmits olfactory nerve bundles.
Cribriform plate
Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are transported to the pituitary gland for storage by way of:
Unmyelinated nerve fibers
This system of blood vessels links the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary; allows endocrine communication between the two structures.
Hypophyseal portal system
