Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
What is necrosis? (3)
A
non-programmed cell death = noisy
inflammation
nucleus destroyed first
2
Q
What is apoptosis? (3)
A
programmed cell death = quiet
no inflammation
nucleus guides it and is destroyed last
3
Q
What is pyknosis?
A
nucleus turns into blobs
4
Q
What is karyohexis?
A
nucleus fragments
5
Q
What is karyolysis?
A
nucleus dissolves
6
Q
What is a somatotrope?
A
GH
7
Q
What is a gonadotrop? (2)
A
LH, FSH
8
Q
What is a thyrotrope?
A
TSH
9
Q
What is a corticotrope?
A
ACTH
10
Q
What is a lactotrope?
A
PRL
11
Q
What receptors do protein hormones use?
A
cell membrane receptors
12
Q
What receptors to steroid hormones use?
A
nuclear membrane receptors
13
Q
What are the steroid hormones?
A
PET CAD (note: TH acts like a steroid hormone)
P: progesterone E: estrogen T: testosterone C: cortisol A: aldosterone D: vitamin D
14
Q
What does endocrine mean?
A
secretion into blood
15
Q
What does exocrine mean?
A
secretion into non-blood
16
Q
What is autocrine?
A
works on itself
17
Q
What is paracrine?
A
works on its neighbor
18
Q
What is merocrine?
A
exocytosis (cell is maintained)
19
Q
What is apocrine?
A
apex of cell is secreted
20
Q
What is holocrine?
A
whole cell is secreted
21
Q
What organs do not require insulin?
A
BRICKLE
B: brain R: RBC I: intestine C: cardiac/cornea K: kidney L: liver E: exercising muscle
22
Q
What does GnRH do?
A
stimulates LH and FSH
23
Q
What does GRH do?
A
stimulates GH
24
Q
What does CRH do?
A
stimulates ACTH
25
What does TRH do?
stimulates TSH
26
What does PRH do?
stimulates PRL
27
What does DA do?
inhibits PRL
28
What does SS do?
inhibits GH
29
What does ADH do? (2)
conserves water
| vasoconstricts
30
What does oxytocin do? (2)
milk letdown
| baby letdown
31
What does GH do?
IGF-1 release from liver
32
What does TSH do?
T3 and T4 release from thyroid
33
What does LH do? (2)
testosterone release from testes
| estrogen and progesterone release from ovary
34
What does FSH do?
sperm or egg growth
35
What does ACTH do?
cortisol release from adrenal gland
36
What does MSH do?
skin pigmentation
37
What are the stress hormones? (6)
```
immediate: epinephrine
20 min: glucagon
30 min: insulin
30 min: ADH
2-4 hrs: cortisol
24 hrs: GH
```
38
What does ADH do?
concentrates urine
39
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
too little ADH... urinate a lot
40
What is Central DI?
brain not making ADH
41
What is Nephrogenic DI? (2)
blocked ADH receptor
| can be caused by lithium and demecocycline
42
What does the water deprivation test tell you?
if fail to concentrate urine => DI
43
What does giving DDAVP tell you?
if concentrate > 25% => central DI
44
What is SIADH?
too much ADH => expanded plasma volume => pee Na
45
What is the difference between DI and SIADH? (2)
DI has dilute urine
| SIADH has concentrated urine
46
What is psychogenic polydipsia? (2)
pathologic water drinking
| low plasma osmolarity
47
What does aldosterone do? (2)
reabsorbs Na
| secretes H/K
48
What is neuroblastoma? (3)
adrenal medulla tumor in kids
dancing eyes/feet
secretes catecholamines
49
What is a pheochromocytoma?
adrenal medulla tumor in adults
```
5 P's:
pressure
palpitations
pain (h/a)
perspiration
pallor
```
50
What does the Zona Glomerulosa make?
aldosterone... "salt"
51
What does the Zona Fasiculata make?
cortisol... "sugar"
52
What does the Zona Reticularis make?
androgens... "sex"
53
What is Conn's syndrome? (2)
```
high aldosterone (due to tumor)
captopril test makes it worse
```
54
What does ANP do? (2)
inhibits aldosterone
| dilates renal artery (afferent arteriole)
55
What does calcitonin do?
inhibits osteoclasts
56
What is MEN I?
"Wermer's" PPP
| Pancreas
Pituitary
Parathyroid adenoma
high gastrin
57
What is MEN II?
"Sipple's"
Parathyroid
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid cancer
58
What is MEN III?
"Men Ilb"
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid cancer
Mucosal neuromas (oral/GI)
Marfanoid
59
What does CCK do? (3)
gallbladder contraction
bile release
inhibits gastric motility (closes sphincters)
60
What does cortisol do? (2)
gluconeogenesis by proteolysis
| leads to thin skin
61
What is Addison's disease? (3)
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
hyperpigmentation
increased ACTH
62
What is Waterhouse Friderichsen? (2)
adrenal hemorrhage
| MC bug implicated N. meningitidis
63
What is Cushing's Syndrome?
high cortisol due to pituitary tumor, small cell lung tumor, adrenal tumor
64
What is Cushing's Disease?
high cortisol due to a pituitary tumor
65
What is Nelson's Syndrome?
hyperpigmentation after adrenalectomy
66
If the low-dose dexamethasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?
normal, obese or depressed
67
If the low-dose dexamethasone test does not suppress, what does that tell you?
Cushing's... do a high dose test
68
If the high-dose dexamethasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?
Pituitary tumor
69
If the high-dose dexamethasone test does not suppress, what does that tell you?
if ACTH high - small cell lung cancer
| otherwise - adrenal adenoma
70
What are the survival hormones? (2)
cortisol: permissive under stress
TSH: permissive under normal
71
What does epinephrine do? (2)
gluconeogenesis
| glycogenolysis
72
What does erythropoietin do?
makes RBCs
73
What does gastrin do?
stimulates parietal cells to release IF and H+
74
What does growth hormone do? (3)
growth
sends somatomedin to growth plates
gluconeogenesis by proteolysis
75
What is a pygmie?
no somatomedin receptors
76
What is achondroplasia (Laron Dwarf)?
abnormal FGF receptors in extremities
77
What is a midget?
low somatomedin receptor sensitivity
78
What is acromegaly? (6)
```
adult bones stretch... "my hat doesn't fit"
coarse facial features
large furrowed tongue
deep husky voice
jaw protrusion
increased IGF-1 due to GH tumor
```
79
What is gigantism?
childhood acromegaly
80
What does GIP do? (2)
enhances insulin action
| leads to post-prandial hypoglycemia
81
What does glucagon do? (4)
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
lipolysis
ketogenesis
82
What does insulin do?
pushes glucose into cells and K+ follows
83
What is Type I DM? (8)
```
anti-islet cell Ab
GAD Ab
coxsackie B virus
low insulin
DKA
polyuria
polydypsia
polyphagia
```
84
What is Type II DM? (4)
insulin receptor insensitivity
high insulin
HONK coma
acanthosis nigricans
85
How does DKA present? (3)
Kussmaul respirations
fruity breath (acetone)
altered mental status
86
What is the Dawn Phenomenon?
morning hyperglycemia secondary to GH
87
What is the Somogyi Effect? (2)
morning hyperglycemia secondary to evening
| hypoglycemia
88
What is factitious hypoglycemia?
insulin injection (high insulin and low C-peptide)
89
What is an insulinoma?
tumor (high insulin and high C-peptide)
90
What is erythrasma?
rash in skin folds
91
What is Metabolic Syndrome X? (5)
```
"Pre-DM"
hypertension
dyslipidemia
hyperinsulinemia
acanthosis nigricans
```
92
What are foot ulcer risk factors? (4)
DM/glycemic control
male smoker
bony abnormalities
previous ulcers
93
What conditions cause weight gain? (5)
```
obesity
hypothyroidism
depression
Cushing's
anasarca
```
94
What does motilin do?
stimulates segmentation (primary peristalsis - myometric complexes)
95
What does oxytocin do? (2)
milk ejection
| baby ejection
96
What does PRL do?
milk production
97
What does PTH do?
chews up bone
98
What does Vitamin D do?
builds bone
99
What do parathyroid chief cells secrete?
PTH
100
What do stomach chief cells secrete?
pepsin
101
What is the difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine? (2)
NE: neurotransmitter
epi: hormone
102
What is primary hyperparathyroidism?
parathyroid adenoma
103
What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?
renal failure
104
What is familial hypocaliuria hypercalcemia?
decreased Ca excretion
105
What if both serum Ca and PO4 decrease?
vitamin D deficiency
106
What if serum Ca and PO4 change in opposite directions? (3)
PTH problem
if high Ca: hyperparathyroid
otherwise: hypoparathyroid
107
What is the most common cause of primary hypoparathyroidism?
thyroidectomy
108
What is pseudohypoparathyroidism? (2)
bad kidney PTH receptor
| decreased urinary cAMP
109
What is pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism? (2)
G-protein defect
| no Ca problem
110
What is hungry bone syndrome?
remove PTH and bone sucks in Ca
111
What does secretin do? (3)
secretion of bicarb
inhibit gastrin
tighten pyloric sphincter
112
What does somatostatin do?
inhibits secretin, motilin and CCK
113
What do T3 and T4 do?
growth and differentiation
114
What disease has exophthalmos?
Grave's
115
What disease has enophthalmos?
Horner's
116
What are the hyperthyroid diseases? (5)
```
Grave's
DeQuervain's
Silent
Plummer's
Jod-Basedow
```
117
What is Grave's disease? (4)
hyperthyroid
exophthalmos
pretibial myedema
TSH-receptor Ab
118
What is DeQuervain's? (3)
hyperthyroid
viral
painful jaw
119
What is silent thyroiditis? (2)
hyperthyroid
| post-partum
120
What is Plummer's? (3)
hyperthyroid
benign adenoma
old person
121
What is Jod-Basedow?
transient hyperthyroid due to increased iodine
122
What are the hypothyroid diseases? (5)
```
Hashimoto's
Reidel's struma
cretinism
euthyroid sick syndrome
Wolf-Chaikoff
```
123
What is Hashimoto's? (2)
hypothyroid
| antimicrosomial Ab = TPO Ab
124
What is Reidel's struma? (2)
hypothyroid
| woody neck
125
What is cretinism? (2)
hypothyroid mom and baby
| freak features
126
What is euthyroid sick syndrome?
low T3 syndrome
127
What is Wolff-Chaikoff?
transient hypothyroidism
128
What does testosterone do?
makes external male genitalia
129
What does Mullerian Inhibiting Factor do?
makes internal male genitalia
130
What do TPO and thymosin do?
helps T cells mature
131
What does VIP do?
inhibits secretin, motilin and CCK
132
How does a VIPoma present?
watery diarrhea
133
How does a SSoma present?
constipation
134
What are the hormones with disulfide bonds? (4)
PIGI
P: prolactin
I: inhibin
G: growth hormone
I: insulin
135
Which hormones have the same alpha-subunits? (3)
LH, FSH
TSH
beta HCG
136
What hormones produce acidophils? (3)
"GAP"
GH
PRL
137
What hormones produce basophils? (5)
```
"B FLAT"
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
```
138
What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? (2)
ADH (supraoptic nucleus)
| oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus)
