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PASS SOUTH CLUES > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is necrosis? (3)

A

non-programmed cell death = noisy
inflammation
nucleus destroyed first

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2
Q

What is apoptosis? (3)

A

programmed cell death = quiet
no inflammation
nucleus guides it and is destroyed last

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3
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

nucleus turns into blobs

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4
Q

What is karyohexis?

A

nucleus fragments

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5
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

nucleus dissolves

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6
Q

What is a somatotrope?

A

GH

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7
Q

What is a gonadotrop? (2)

A

LH, FSH

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8
Q

What is a thyrotrope?

A

TSH

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9
Q

What is a corticotrope?

A

ACTH

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10
Q

What is a lactotrope?

A

PRL

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11
Q

What receptors do protein hormones use?

A

cell membrane receptors

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12
Q

What receptors to steroid hormones use?

A

nuclear membrane receptors

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13
Q

What are the steroid hormones?

A

PET CAD (note: TH acts like a steroid hormone)

P: progesterone
E: estrogen
T: testosterone
C: cortisol
A: aldosterone
D: vitamin D
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14
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

secretion into blood

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15
Q

What does exocrine mean?

A

secretion into non-blood

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16
Q

What is autocrine?

A

works on itself

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17
Q

What is paracrine?

A

works on its neighbor

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18
Q

What is merocrine?

A

exocytosis (cell is maintained)

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19
Q

What is apocrine?

A

apex of cell is secreted

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20
Q

What is holocrine?

A

whole cell is secreted

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21
Q

What organs do not require insulin?

A

BRICKLE

B: brain
R: RBC
I: intestine
C: cardiac/cornea
K: kidney
L: liver
E: exercising muscle
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22
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

stimulates LH and FSH

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23
Q

What does GRH do?

A

stimulates GH

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24
Q

What does CRH do?

A

stimulates ACTH

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25
Q

What does TRH do?

A

stimulates TSH

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26
Q

What does PRH do?

A

stimulates PRL

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27
Q

What does DA do?

A

inhibits PRL

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28
Q

What does SS do?

A

inhibits GH

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29
Q

What does ADH do? (2)

A

conserves water

vasoconstricts

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30
Q

What does oxytocin do? (2)

A

milk letdown

baby letdown

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31
Q

What does GH do?

A

IGF-1 release from liver

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32
Q

What does TSH do?

A

T3 and T4 release from thyroid

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33
Q

What does LH do? (2)

A

testosterone release from testes

estrogen and progesterone release from ovary

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34
Q

What does FSH do?

A

sperm or egg growth

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35
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

cortisol release from adrenal gland

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36
Q

What does MSH do?

A

skin pigmentation

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37
Q

What are the stress hormones? (6)

A 
immediate: epinephrine
20 min: glucagon
30 min: insulin
30 min: ADH
2-4 hrs: cortisol
24 hrs: GH
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38
Q

What does ADH do?

A

concentrates urine

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39
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

A

too little ADH… urinate a lot

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40
Q

What is Central DI?

A

brain not making ADH

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41
Q

What is Nephrogenic DI? (2)

A

blocked ADH receptor

can be caused by lithium and demecocycline

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42
Q

What does the water deprivation test tell you?

A

if fail to concentrate urine => DI

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43
Q

What does giving DDAVP tell you?

A

if concentrate > 25% => central DI

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44
Q

What is SIADH?

A

too much ADH => expanded plasma volume => pee Na

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45
Q

What is the difference between DI and SIADH? (2)

A

DI has dilute urine

SIADH has concentrated urine

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46
Q

What is psychogenic polydipsia? (2)

A

pathologic water drinking

low plasma osmolarity

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47
Q

What does aldosterone do? (2)

A

reabsorbs Na

secretes H/K

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48
Q

What is neuroblastoma? (3)

A

adrenal medulla tumor in kids
dancing eyes/feet
secretes catecholamines

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49
Q

What is a pheochromocytoma?

A

adrenal medulla tumor in adults

5 P's:
pressure
palpitations
pain (h/a)
perspiration
pallor
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50
Q

What does the Zona Glomerulosa make?

A

aldosterone… “salt”

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51
Q

What does the Zona Fasiculata make?

A

cortisol… “sugar”

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52
Q

What does the Zona Reticularis make?

A

androgens… “sex”

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53
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome? (2)

A 
high aldosterone (due to tumor)
captopril test makes it worse
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54
Q

What does ANP do? (2)

A

inhibits aldosterone

dilates renal artery (afferent arteriole)

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55
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

inhibits osteoclasts

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56
Q

What is MEN I?

A

“Wermer’s” PPP

Pancreas
Pituitary
Parathyroid adenoma
high gastrin

57
Q

What is MEN II?

A

“Sipple’s”

Parathyroid
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid cancer

58
Q

What is MEN III?

A

“Men Ilb”

Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid cancer
Mucosal neuromas (oral/GI)
Marfanoid

59
Q

What does CCK do? (3)

A

gallbladder contraction
bile release
inhibits gastric motility (closes sphincters)

60
Q

What does cortisol do? (2)

A

gluconeogenesis by proteolysis

leads to thin skin

61
Q

What is Addison’s disease? (3)

A

autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
hyperpigmentation
increased ACTH

62
Q

What is Waterhouse Friderichsen? (2)

A

adrenal hemorrhage

MC bug implicated N. meningitidis

63
Q

What is Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

high cortisol due to pituitary tumor, small cell lung tumor, adrenal tumor

64
Q

What is Cushing’s Disease?

A

high cortisol due to a pituitary tumor

65
Q

What is Nelson’s Syndrome?

A

hyperpigmentation after adrenalectomy

66
Q

If the low-dose dexamethasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?

A

normal, obese or depressed

67
Q

If the low-dose dexamethasone test does not suppress, what does that tell you?

A

Cushing’s… do a high dose test

68
Q

If the high-dose dexamethasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?

A

Pituitary tumor

69
Q

If the high-dose dexamethasone test does not suppress, what does that tell you?

A

if ACTH high - small cell lung cancer

otherwise - adrenal adenoma

70
Q

What are the survival hormones? (2)

A

cortisol: permissive under stress
TSH: permissive under normal

71
Q

What does epinephrine do? (2)

A

gluconeogenesis

glycogenolysis

72
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

makes RBCs

73
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

stimulates parietal cells to release IF and H+

74
Q

What does growth hormone do? (3)

A

growth
sends somatomedin to growth plates
gluconeogenesis by proteolysis

75
Q

What is a pygmie?

A

no somatomedin receptors

76
Q

What is achondroplasia (Laron Dwarf)?

A

abnormal FGF receptors in extremities

77
Q

What is a midget?

A

low somatomedin receptor sensitivity

78
Q

What is acromegaly? (6)

A 
adult bones stretch... "my hat doesn't fit"
coarse facial features
large furrowed tongue
deep husky voice
jaw protrusion
increased IGF-1 due to GH tumor
79
Q

What is gigantism?

A

childhood acromegaly

80
Q

What does GIP do? (2)

A

enhances insulin action

leads to post-prandial hypoglycemia

81
Q

What does glucagon do? (4)

A

gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
lipolysis
ketogenesis

82
Q

What does insulin do?

A

pushes glucose into cells and K+ follows

83
Q

What is Type I DM? (8)

A 
anti-islet cell Ab
GAD Ab
coxsackie B virus
low insulin
DKA
polyuria
polydypsia
polyphagia
84
Q

What is Type II DM? (4)

A

insulin receptor insensitivity
high insulin
HONK coma
acanthosis nigricans

85
Q

How does DKA present? (3)

A

Kussmaul respirations
fruity breath (acetone)
altered mental status

86
Q

What is the Dawn Phenomenon?

A

morning hyperglycemia secondary to GH

87
Q

What is the Somogyi Effect? (2)

A

morning hyperglycemia secondary to evening

hypoglycemia

88
Q

What is factitious hypoglycemia?

A

insulin injection (high insulin and low C-peptide)

89
Q

What is an insulinoma?

A

tumor (high insulin and high C-peptide)

90
Q

What is erythrasma?

A

rash in skin folds

91
Q

What is Metabolic Syndrome X? (5)

A 
"Pre-DM"
hypertension
dyslipidemia
hyperinsulinemia
acanthosis nigricans
92
Q

What are foot ulcer risk factors? (4)

A

DM/glycemic control
male smoker
bony abnormalities
previous ulcers

93
Q

What conditions cause weight gain? (5)

A 
obesity
hypothyroidism
depression
Cushing's
anasarca
94
Q

What does motilin do?

A

stimulates segmentation (primary peristalsis - myometric complexes)

95
Q

What does oxytocin do? (2)

A

milk ejection

baby ejection

96
Q

What does PRL do?

A

milk production

97
Q

What does PTH do?

A

chews up bone

98
Q

What does Vitamin D do?

A

builds bone

99
Q

What do parathyroid chief cells secrete?

A

PTH

100
Q

What do stomach chief cells secrete?

A

pepsin

101
Q

What is the difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine? (2)

A

NE: neurotransmitter
epi: hormone

102
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

parathyroid adenoma

103
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

renal failure

104
Q

What is familial hypocaliuria hypercalcemia?

A

decreased Ca excretion

105
Q

What if both serum Ca and PO4 decrease?

A

vitamin D deficiency

106
Q

What if serum Ca and PO4 change in opposite directions? (3)

A

PTH problem
if high Ca: hyperparathyroid
otherwise: hypoparathyroid

107
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hypoparathyroidism?

A

thyroidectomy

108
Q

What is pseudohypoparathyroidism? (2)

A

bad kidney PTH receptor

decreased urinary cAMP

109
Q

What is pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism? (2)

A

G-protein defect

no Ca problem

110
Q

What is hungry bone syndrome?

A

remove PTH and bone sucks in Ca

111
Q

What does secretin do? (3)

A

secretion of bicarb
inhibit gastrin
tighten pyloric sphincter

112
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

inhibits secretin, motilin and CCK

113
Q

What do T3 and T4 do?

A

growth and differentiation

114
Q

What disease has exophthalmos?

A

Grave’s

115
Q

What disease has enophthalmos?

A

Horner’s

116
Q

What are the hyperthyroid diseases? (5)

A 
Grave's
DeQuervain's
Silent
Plummer's
Jod-Basedow
117
Q

What is Grave’s disease? (4)

A

hyperthyroid
exophthalmos
pretibial myedema
TSH-receptor Ab

118
Q

What is DeQuervain’s? (3)

A

hyperthyroid
viral
painful jaw

119
Q

What is silent thyroiditis? (2)

A

hyperthyroid

post-partum

120
Q

What is Plummer’s? (3)

A

hyperthyroid
benign adenoma
old person

121
Q

What is Jod-Basedow?

A

transient hyperthyroid due to increased iodine

122
Q

What are the hypothyroid diseases? (5)

A 
Hashimoto's
Reidel's struma
cretinism
euthyroid sick syndrome
Wolf-Chaikoff
123
Q

What is Hashimoto’s? (2)

A

hypothyroid

antimicrosomial Ab = TPO Ab

124
Q

What is Reidel’s struma? (2)

A

hypothyroid

woody neck

125
Q

What is cretinism? (2)

A

hypothyroid mom and baby

freak features

126
Q

What is euthyroid sick syndrome?

A

low T3 syndrome

127
Q

What is Wolff-Chaikoff?

A

transient hypothyroidism

128
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

makes external male genitalia

129
Q

What does Mullerian Inhibiting Factor do?

A

makes internal male genitalia

130
Q

What do TPO and thymosin do?

A

helps T cells mature

131
Q

What does VIP do?

A

inhibits secretin, motilin and CCK

132
Q

How does a VIPoma present?

A

watery diarrhea

133
Q

How does a SSoma present?

A

constipation

134
Q

What are the hormones with disulfide bonds? (4)

A

PIGI

P: prolactin
I: inhibin
G: growth hormone
I: insulin

135
Q

Which hormones have the same alpha-subunits? (3)

A

LH, FSH
TSH
beta HCG

136
Q

What hormones produce acidophils? (3)

A

“GAP”
GH
PRL

137
Q

What hormones produce basophils? (5)

A 
"B FLAT"
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
138
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? (2)

A

ADH (supraoptic nucleus)

oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus)

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