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PASS SOUTH CLUES > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 exceptions to the water-out, fat-in rule?

A

channels
pores
transmembrane proteins

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2
Q

What is the RDA for fat/carb/protein?

A

30% fats
30% proteins
40% carbohydrates

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3
Q

What are the 7 functions of a cell membrane?

A 
provide structure
transport
active transport
heart/temp regulation
maintain gradient
depolarization
signal transduction
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4
Q

What is membrane transportation in a cell called?

A

phagocytosis

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5
Q

What is it called to bring something into a cell?

A

endocytosis

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6
Q

What is it called to put something outside the cell?

A

exocytosis

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7
Q

What is it called to bring water into a cell?

A

pinocytosis

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8
Q

What are the two things required for cellular transport?

A

ATP

actin

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9
Q

What is the most important substance endocytosed?

A

nutrition

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10
Q

What is the most important substance exocytosed?

A

waste

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11
Q

What is the most important waste product produced by cells?

A

lipofuscin (brown pigment)

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12
Q

What is the most important factor in the movement of particles?

A

concentration gradient

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13
Q

How do you concentrate any substance in the body?

A

with an ATPase

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14
Q

How does secondary active transport work?

A

going with a concentration gradient using another substance’s gradient

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15
Q

What is the most common gradient used for secondary active transport?

A

Na

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16
Q

What is true for all fat soluble and steroid hormone receptors?

A

they never have cellular membrane receptors because they readily cross the membrane

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17
Q

Where are fat soluble and steroid hormone receptors located?

A

in the nucleus (except for cortisol with a cytoplasmic receptor)

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18
Q

How do nuclear receptors work? (3)

A

stimulate the nucleus to perform DNA replication
transcription
translation into proteins by which they manifest their action

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19
Q

How do you differentiate between one fat soluble hormone and another?

A

by the proteins they make

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20
Q

What factors affect transportation of water-soluble compounds or hormones? (8)

A 
size
charge
pH
surface area
membrane thickness
flux
reflection coefficient
Fick's law
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21
Q

How does ions cross membranes?

A

through channels

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22
Q

How do medium-size particle cross membranes?

A

pores

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23
Q

How do larger molecules cross membranes?

A

transport proteins

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24
Q

How does the body get rid of heat?

A

vasodilate

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25
Q

How does the body keep heat?

A

vasoconstrict

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26
Q

What is the most important substance that is transported through pores?

A

sweat (NaCl and water)

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27
Q

Which hormones have cell membrane receptors?

A

non-steroid hormones

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28
Q

What are the most common extracellular cations/anions? (2)

A

sodium

chloride

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29
Q

What are the most common intracellular cations/anions? (2)

A

potassium

proteins

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30
Q

What tissues are the best at depolarizing? (2)

A

neuronal

purkinje fibers

31
Q

What type of hormones have second messenger systems?

A

water-soluble (protein)

32
Q

Where are protein hormone receptors located?

A

cell membrane

33
Q

What is the reflection coefficient for protein hormones?

A

close to 1

34
Q

What are the 6 classes of second messengers?

A 
cAMP
cGMP
IP3/DAG
calcium
tyrosine kinase
nitric oxide
35
Q

What is the action of cAMP?

A

2nd messenger for sympathetics

36
Q

What is the action of cGMP?

A

2nd messenger for parasympathetics

37
Q

What is the action of IP3/DAG?

A

2nd messenger for the ff:

all hypothalamic hormones except CRH
all smooth muscle contraction by hormone or neurotransmitter

38
Q

What is the action of calcium-calmodulin?

A

2nd messenger of all smooth muscle contraction by distention

39
Q

What is calcium a second messenger for?

A

gastrin

40
Q

What is the action of tyrosine kinase?

A

2nd messenger for insulin and all growth factors

41
Q

What is the action of nitric oxide?

A

2nd messenger for nitrates

42
Q

What is the MC 2nd messenger system?

A

cAMP

43
Q

What hormones are activated by phosphorylation?

A

all catabolic

44
Q

What hormones are deactivated by phosphorylation?

A

all anabolic

45
Q

What enzyme breaks down cAMP?

A

phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP

46
Q

What substances inhibit phosphodiesterase?

A

caffeine and theophylline

47
Q

What bacteria ADP-ribosylate Gs subunit of the G-protein?

A

ETEC and vibrio

48
Q

What bacteria ADP-ribosylate Gi subunit of the G-protein?

A

pertusses

49
Q

What bacteria ADP-ribosylate EF-2?

A

diphtheria and pseudomonas

50
Q

How does nitric oxide work?

A

increases cGMP

51
Q

What 2nd messenger systems are enhanced by increased calcium? (3)

A

IP3/DAG
calcium/calmodulin
calcium

52
Q

What hypertensive medications both vaso and veno dilate? (2)

A

nitrates

ACE-inhibitors

53
Q

What substances use nitric oxide as a 2nd messenger? (4)

A

ANP
endotoxin
viagra (sildenafil)
all nitrates

54
Q

What nitrate is used to treat cyanide poisoning?

A

amyl nitrate

55
Q

What nitrate is given IV or sublingual for chest pain?

A

nitroglycerine

56
Q

What nitrate is used to treat a hypertensive crisis?

A

sodium nitroprusside

57
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER? (2)

A

detoxification

steroid synthesis

58
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

makes proteins for packaging

59
Q

What is the function of free ribosomes?

A

makes proteins for cytoplasm

60
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

degradation of waste

61
Q

What is the function of the golgi?

A

post-translational modifications of proteins

62
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

makes energy

63
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains all genetic information

64
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

produces ribosomal RNA

65
Q

Damage to what organelles is irreversible? (3)

A

nucleus
mitochondria
lysosomes

66
Q

What organ uses the SER for detoxification?

A

kidney

67
Q

What organ uses the SER for steroid synthesis?

A

liver

68
Q

What is the form of proteins when they start off?

A

pre-pro-protein

69
Q

Which is the only protein modified in the rough ER?

A

collagen

70
Q

Where are all proteins except colllagen modified?

A

golgi

71
Q

What are the tissues with most SER?

A

liver and kidney

72
Q

What substances do lysosomes have a lot of?

A

acid hydrolases

73
Q

What do acid hydrolases do to the pH of lysosomes?

A

cause the pH to be very acidic

74
Q

What is the structure formed when a lysosome phagocytoses something?

A

phagosome of phagolysosome

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