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Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 exceptions to the water-out, fat-in rule?

A

channels
pores
transmembrane proteins

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2
Q

What is the RDA for fat/carb/protein?

A

30% fats
30% proteins
40% carbohydrates

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3
Q

What are the 7 functions of a cell membrane?

A 
provide structure
transport
active transport
heart/temp regulation
maintain gradient
depolarization
signal transduction
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4
Q

What is membrane transportation in a cell called?

A

phagocytosis

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5
Q

What is it called to bring something into a cell?

A

endocytosis

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6
Q

What is it called to put something outside the cell?

A

exocytosis

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7
Q

What is it called to bring water into a cell?

A

pinocytosis

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8
Q

What are the two things required for cellular transport?

A

ATP

actin

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9
Q

What is the most important substance endocytosed?

A

nutrition

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10
Q

What is the most important substance exocytosed?

A

waste

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11
Q

What is the most important waste product produced by cells?

A

lipofuscin (brown pigment)

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12
Q

What is the most important factor in the movement of particles?

A

concentration gradient

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13
Q

How do you concentrate any substance in the body?

A

with an ATPase

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14
Q

How does secondary active transport work?

A

going with a concentration gradient using another substance’s gradient

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15
Q

What is the most common gradient used for secondary active transport?

A

Na

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16
Q

What is true for all fat soluble and steroid hormone receptors?

A

they never have cellular membrane receptors because they readily cross the membrane

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17
Q

Where are fat soluble and steroid hormone receptors located?

A

in the nucleus (except for cortisol with a cytoplasmic receptor)

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18
Q

How do nuclear receptors work? (3)

A

stimulate the nucleus to perform DNA replication
transcription
translation into proteins by which they manifest their action

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19
Q

How do you differentiate between one fat soluble hormone and another?

A

by the proteins they make

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20
Q

What factors affect transportation of water-soluble compounds or hormones? (8)

A 
size
charge
pH
surface area
membrane thickness
flux
reflection coefficient
Fick's law
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21
Q

How does ions cross membranes?

A

through channels

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22
Q

How do medium-size particle cross membranes?

A

pores

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23
Q

How do larger molecules cross membranes?

A

transport proteins

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24
Q

How does the body get rid of heat?

A

vasodilate

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25
How does the body keep heat?
vasoconstrict
26
What is the most important substance that is transported through pores?
sweat (NaCl and water)
27
Which hormones have cell membrane receptors?
non-steroid hormones
28
What are the most common extracellular cations/anions? (2)
sodium | chloride
29
What are the most common intracellular cations/anions? (2)
potassium | proteins
30
What tissues are the best at depolarizing? (2)
neuronal | purkinje fibers
31
What type of hormones have second messenger systems?
water-soluble (protein)
32
Where are protein hormone receptors located?
cell membrane
33
What is the reflection coefficient for protein hormones?
close to 1
34
What are the 6 classes of second messengers?
``` cAMP cGMP IP3/DAG calcium tyrosine kinase nitric oxide ```
35
What is the action of cAMP?
2nd messenger for sympathetics
36
What is the action of cGMP?
2nd messenger for parasympathetics
37
What is the action of IP3/DAG?
2nd messenger for the ff: all hypothalamic hormones except CRH all smooth muscle contraction by hormone or neurotransmitter
38
What is the action of calcium-calmodulin?
2nd messenger of all smooth muscle contraction by distention
39
What is calcium a second messenger for?
gastrin
40
What is the action of tyrosine kinase?
2nd messenger for insulin and all growth factors
41
What is the action of nitric oxide?
2nd messenger for nitrates
42
What is the MC 2nd messenger system?
cAMP
43
What hormones are activated by phosphorylation?
all catabolic
44
What hormones are deactivated by phosphorylation?
all anabolic
45
What enzyme breaks down cAMP?
phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP
46
What substances inhibit phosphodiesterase?
caffeine and theophylline
47
What bacteria ADP-ribosylate Gs subunit of the G-protein?
ETEC and vibrio
48
What bacteria ADP-ribosylate Gi subunit of the G-protein?
pertusses
49
What bacteria ADP-ribosylate EF-2?
diphtheria and pseudomonas
50
How does nitric oxide work?
increases cGMP
51
What 2nd messenger systems are enhanced by increased calcium? (3)
IP3/DAG calcium/calmodulin calcium
52
What hypertensive medications both vaso and veno dilate? (2)
nitrates | ACE-inhibitors
53
What substances use nitric oxide as a 2nd messenger? (4)
ANP endotoxin viagra (sildenafil) all nitrates
54
What nitrate is used to treat cyanide poisoning?
amyl nitrate
55
What nitrate is given IV or sublingual for chest pain?
nitroglycerine
56
What nitrate is used to treat a hypertensive crisis?
sodium nitroprusside
57
What is the function of the smooth ER? (2)
detoxification | steroid synthesis
58
What is the function of the rough ER?
makes proteins for packaging
59
What is the function of free ribosomes?
makes proteins for cytoplasm
60
What is the function of the lysosome?
degradation of waste
61
What is the function of the golgi?
post-translational modifications of proteins
62
What is the function of the mitochondria?
makes energy
63
What is the function of the nucleus?
contains all genetic information
64
What is the function of the nucleolus?
produces ribosomal RNA
65
Damage to what organelles is irreversible? (3)
nucleus mitochondria lysosomes
66
What organ uses the SER for detoxification?
kidney
67
What organ uses the SER for steroid synthesis?
liver
68
What is the form of proteins when they start off?
pre-pro-protein
69
Which is the only protein modified in the rough ER?
collagen
70
Where are all proteins except colllagen modified?
golgi
71
What are the tissues with most SER?
liver and kidney
72
What substances do lysosomes have a lot of?
acid hydrolases
73
What do acid hydrolases do to the pH of lysosomes?
cause the pH to be very acidic
74
What is the structure formed when a lysosome phagocytoses something?
phagosome of phagolysosome

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