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Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What organs have resistance in series? (2)

A

liver

kidney

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2
Q

What organs have resistance in parallel?

A

everything but the liver and kidney

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3
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference at rest?

A

heart

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4
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after exercise?

A

muscle

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5
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after a meal?

A

gut

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6
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference during an exam?

A

brain

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7
Q

What organ has the lowest A-V O2 difference?

A

kidney

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8
Q

Where does a Type A thoracic aortic dissection occur? (2)

A

ascending aorta

associated with cystic medial necrosis and syphilis

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9
Q

Where does a Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur? (2)

A

descending aorta

associated with trauma and atherosclerosis

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10
Q

What layers does a true aortic aneurysm involve? (3)

A

intima
media
adventitia

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11
Q

What layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm involve? (2)

A

intima

media

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12
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

systolic-diastolic

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13
Q

What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?

A

aorta

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14
Q

What vessels have the most smooth muscle?

A

arterioles

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15
Q

What vessels have the largest cross-sectional area?

A

capillaries

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16
Q

What vessel has the highest compliance?

A

aorta

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17
Q

What vessels have the highest capacitance? (2)

A

veins

venules

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18
Q

What is your max heart rate?

A

220 - age

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19
Q

What is stable angina? (2)

A

pain on exertion

associated with atherosclerosis

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20
Q

What is unstable angina? (2)

A

pain at rest or first event

associated with transient clots

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21
Q

What is Prinzmetal angina? (2)

A

intermittent pain

associated with coronary artery spasm

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22
Q

What stain is used to see amyloidosis?

A

congo red (apple green birefringence)

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23
Q

What is hemochromatosis? (2)

A

Fe deposition in organs

leads to hyperpigmentation, arthritis and DM

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24
Q

What is cardiac tamponade? (5)

A 
pressure equalized in all 4 chambers
quiet precordium
no pulse or BP
Kussmaul's sign
pulsus paradoxus (dec systolic P > 10 mmHg on inspiration)
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25
What is a transudate? (3)
effusion of mostly water too much water (heart failure and renal failure) not enough protein (cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome)
26
What is an exudate? (5)
``` effusion of mostly protein purulent (bacteria) hemorrhagic (trauma, cancer, PE) fibrinous (collagen vascular disease, uremia, TB) granulomatous (non-bacterial) ```
27
What is systole? (3)
ventricles contract dec blood flow to coronary arteries inc O2 extraction
28
What is diastole? (3)
ventricles relax and fill in blood flow to coronary arteries dec O2 extraction
29
What are the only arteries with deoxygenated blood? (2)
pulmonary artery | umbilical artery
30
What murmur has a waterhammer pulse?
aortic regurgitation
31
What murmur has a pulsus tardus?
aortic stenosis
32
What cardiomyopathy has pulsus alternans?
dilated cardiomyopathy
33
What disease has pulsus bigeminus?
IHSS
34
What murmur has an irregularly irregular pulse?
Atrial fibrilation
35
What murmur has a regularly irregular pulse?
PVC (para-ventricular contractions)
36
What murmur radiates to the carotids? (2)
aortic stenosis | aortic regurg
37
What murmur radiates to the axilla?
mitral regurg
38
What murmur radiates to the back?
pulmonic stenosis
39
What disease has a boot-shaped x-ray?
right ventricular hypertrophy
40
What disease has a banana-shaped x-ray?
IHSS
41
What disease has an egg-shaped x-ray?
transposition of the great arteries
42
What disease has a snowman-shaped x-ray?
total anomalous pulmonary venous return
43
What disease has a "3" shaped x-ray?
aortic coarctation
44
What is Osler-Weber-Rendu? (2)
AVM in lung, gut and CNS | sequester platelets leading to telangiectasias
45
What is Von Hippel-Lindau? (2)
AVM in head and retina | inc risk of renal cell carcinoma
46
When do valves make noise?
closure
47
What valves make noise at the start of systole?
M and T (S1)
48
What murmurs occur during systole? (2)
holosystolic/pansystolic - MR, TR, VSD | ejection - AS, PS, HCM
49
What valves make noise at the start of diastole?
A and P (S2)
50
What are the diastolic murmurs? (2)
blowing - AR and PR | rumbling - MS and TS
51
Continuous bruit?
PDA and AVM
52
What has a friction rub while breathing?
pleuritis
53
What has a friction rub while holding your breath?
pericarditis
54
What does a mid-systolic click tell you?
mitral valve prolapse
55
What does an ejection click tell you?
AS or PS
56
What does an opening snap tell you?
MS or TS
57
What does S2 splitting tell you?
normal on inspiration (b/c pulmonic valve closes later)
58
What does wide S2 splitting tell you? (3)
inc O2 inc RV volume delayed PV opening
59
What does fixed wide S2 splitting tell you?
ASD
60
What does a paradoxical S2 splitting tell you?
AS or LBBB
61
What is cor pulmonale?
pulmonary HTN leading to RV failure
62
What is Eisenmenger's?
pulmonary HTN leading to a reversal pf an L-R shunt to and R-L shunt
63
What causes transposition of the great arteries?
aorticopulmonary septum did not spiral
64
What is tetrology of Fallot? (4)
overriding aorta PS (prognostic) RV hypertrophy VSD
65
What is trucus arteriosus? (2)
spiral membrane didn't develop (neural crest origin) | one A/P trunk (mixed blood)
66
What is Epstein's anomaly? (2)
tricuspid sits very low (large right atria) | teratogenic effects of lithium
67
What is cinchonism? (3)
hearing loss tinnitus thrombocytopenia
68
What are the cyanotic heart diseases? (7)
``` transposition of the great arteries tetralogy of fallot truncus arteriosus tricuspid atresia / aortic atresia / pulmonic atresia total anomalous pulmonary venous return hypoplastic left heart syndrome Epstein's anomaly ```
69
What causes a machine-like murmur? (5)
AVM's heart: PDA elbow: dialysis fistula brain: Von Hippel-Lindau lungs: Osler-Weber-Rendu
70
What are the heart block clues? (3)
pain with a normal heart rate | fever with a normal heart rate (should increase by 10 bpm for every degree inc in temp)
71
What ion is important for the P-wave?
calcium
72
What ion is important for the QRS complex?
sodium
73
What ion is important for the T-wave?
potassium
74
What ion is important for the U-wave?
potassium
75
What are the MC non-cyanotic congenital heart disease? (4)
VSD ASD PDA coarctation of the aorta
76
What are the MI enzymes? (3)
troponin I CKMB LDH
77
When does troponin I appear, peak and disappear after an MI?
appears 2 hours peaks 2 days gone 1 wk
78
When does CKMB appear, peak and disappear after an MI?
appears 6 hrs peaks 12 hrs gone 2 days
79
When does LDH appear, peak and disappear after an MI?
appears 1 day peaks 2 days gone 3 days

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