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PASS SOUTH CLUES > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What organs have resistance in series? (2)

A

liver

kidney

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2
Q

What organs have resistance in parallel?

A

everything but the liver and kidney

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3
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference at rest?

A

heart

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4
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after exercise?

A

muscle

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5
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after a meal?

A

gut

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6
Q

What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference during an exam?

A

brain

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7
Q

What organ has the lowest A-V O2 difference?

A

kidney

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8
Q

Where does a Type A thoracic aortic dissection occur? (2)

A

ascending aorta

associated with cystic medial necrosis and syphilis

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9
Q

Where does a Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur? (2)

A

descending aorta

associated with trauma and atherosclerosis

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10
Q

What layers does a true aortic aneurysm involve? (3)

A

intima
media
adventitia

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11
Q

What layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm involve? (2)

A

intima

media

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12
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

systolic-diastolic

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13
Q

What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?

A

aorta

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14
Q

What vessels have the most smooth muscle?

A

arterioles

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15
Q

What vessels have the largest cross-sectional area?

A

capillaries

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16
Q

What vessel has the highest compliance?

A

aorta

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17
Q

What vessels have the highest capacitance? (2)

A

veins

venules

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18
Q

What is your max heart rate?

A

220 - age

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19
Q

What is stable angina? (2)

A

pain on exertion

associated with atherosclerosis

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20
Q

What is unstable angina? (2)

A

pain at rest or first event

associated with transient clots

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21
Q

What is Prinzmetal angina? (2)

A

intermittent pain

associated with coronary artery spasm

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22
Q

What stain is used to see amyloidosis?

A

congo red (apple green birefringence)

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23
Q

What is hemochromatosis? (2)

A

Fe deposition in organs

leads to hyperpigmentation, arthritis and DM

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24
Q

What is cardiac tamponade? (5)

A 
pressure equalized in all 4 chambers
quiet precordium
no pulse or BP
Kussmaul's sign
pulsus paradoxus (dec systolic P > 10 mmHg on inspiration)
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25
Q

What is a transudate? (3)

A

effusion of mostly water
too much water (heart failure and renal failure)
not enough protein (cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome)

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26
Q

What is an exudate? (5)

A 
effusion of mostly protein
purulent (bacteria)
hemorrhagic (trauma, cancer, PE)
fibrinous (collagen vascular disease, uremia, TB)
granulomatous (non-bacterial)
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27
Q

What is systole? (3)

A

ventricles contract
dec blood flow to coronary arteries
inc O2 extraction

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28
Q

What is diastole? (3)

A

ventricles relax and fill
in blood flow to coronary arteries
dec O2 extraction

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29
Q

What are the only arteries with deoxygenated blood? (2)

A

pulmonary artery

umbilical artery

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30
Q

What murmur has a waterhammer pulse?

A

aortic regurgitation

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31
Q

What murmur has a pulsus tardus?

A

aortic stenosis

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32
Q

What cardiomyopathy has pulsus alternans?

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

33
Q

What disease has pulsus bigeminus?

34
Q

What murmur has an irregularly irregular pulse?

A

Atrial fibrilation

35
Q

What murmur has a regularly irregular pulse?

A

PVC (para-ventricular contractions)

36
Q

What murmur radiates to the carotids? (2)

A

aortic stenosis

aortic regurg

37
Q

What murmur radiates to the axilla?

A

mitral regurg

38
Q

What murmur radiates to the back?

A

pulmonic stenosis

39
Q

What disease has a boot-shaped x-ray?

A

right ventricular hypertrophy

40
Q

What disease has a banana-shaped x-ray?

41
Q

What disease has an egg-shaped x-ray?

A

transposition of the great arteries

42
Q

What disease has a snowman-shaped x-ray?

A

total anomalous pulmonary venous return

43
Q

What disease has a “3” shaped x-ray?

A

aortic coarctation

44
Q

What is Osler-Weber-Rendu? (2)

A

AVM in lung, gut and CNS

sequester platelets leading to telangiectasias

45
Q

What is Von Hippel-Lindau? (2)

A

AVM in head and retina

inc risk of renal cell carcinoma

46
Q

When do valves make noise?

47
Q

What valves make noise at the start of systole?

A

M and T (S1)

48
Q

What murmurs occur during systole? (2)

A

holosystolic/pansystolic - MR, TR, VSD

ejection - AS, PS, HCM

49
Q

What valves make noise at the start of diastole?

A

A and P (S2)

50
Q

What are the diastolic murmurs? (2)

A

blowing - AR and PR

rumbling - MS and TS

51
Q

Continuous bruit?

A

PDA and AVM

52
Q

What has a friction rub while breathing?

53
Q

What has a friction rub while holding your breath?

A

pericarditis

54
Q

What does a mid-systolic click tell you?

A

mitral valve prolapse

55
Q

What does an ejection click tell you?

56
Q

What does an opening snap tell you?

57
Q

What does S2 splitting tell you?

A

normal on inspiration (b/c pulmonic valve closes later)

58
Q

What does wide S2 splitting tell you? (3)

A

inc O2
inc RV volume
delayed PV opening

59
Q

What does fixed wide S2 splitting tell you?

60
Q

What does a paradoxical S2 splitting tell you?

A

AS or LBBB

61
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

pulmonary HTN leading to RV failure

62
Q

What is Eisenmenger’s?

A

pulmonary HTN leading to a reversal pf an L-R shunt to and R-L shunt

63
Q

What causes transposition of the great arteries?

A

aorticopulmonary septum did not spiral

64
Q

What is tetrology of Fallot? (4)

A

overriding aorta
PS (prognostic)
RV hypertrophy
VSD

65
Q

What is trucus arteriosus? (2)

A

spiral membrane didn’t develop (neural crest origin)

one A/P trunk (mixed blood)

66
Q

What is Epstein’s anomaly? (2)

A

tricuspid sits very low (large right atria)

teratogenic effects of lithium

67
Q

What is cinchonism? (3)

A

hearing loss
tinnitus
thrombocytopenia

68
Q

What are the cyanotic heart diseases? (7)

A 
transposition of the great arteries
tetralogy of fallot
truncus arteriosus
tricuspid atresia / aortic atresia / pulmonic atresia
total anomalous pulmonary venous return
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Epstein's anomaly
69
Q

What causes a machine-like murmur? (5)

A

AVM’s

heart: PDA
elbow: dialysis fistula
brain: Von Hippel-Lindau
lungs: Osler-Weber-Rendu

70
Q

What are the heart block clues? (3)

A

pain with a normal heart rate

fever with a normal heart rate (should increase by 10 bpm for every degree inc in temp)

71
Q

What ion is important for the P-wave?

72
Q

What ion is important for the QRS complex?

73
Q

What ion is important for the T-wave?

74
Q

What ion is important for the U-wave?

75
Q

What are the MC non-cyanotic congenital heart disease? (4)

A

VSD
ASD
PDA
coarctation of the aorta

76
Q

What are the MI enzymes? (3)

A

troponin I
CKMB
LDH

77
Q

When does troponin I appear, peak and disappear after an MI?

A

appears 2 hours
peaks 2 days
gone 1 wk

78
Q

When does CKMB appear, peak and disappear after an MI?

A

appears 6 hrs
peaks 12 hrs
gone 2 days

79
Q

When does LDH appear, peak and disappear after an MI?

A

appears 1 day
peaks 2 days
gone 3 days

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