End of the Republic Flashcards
What were the large agricultural estates owned by wealthy people called?
Latifundia
What were the tenant farmers who worked on latifundia called?
Coloni
,Who were “Cornelia’s Jewels”?
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Who was the Gracchi brothers’ sister, who was suspected of killing her husband Scipio Aemilianus?
Sempronia
What were Tiberius and Gaius’ full names?
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus and C. Sempronius Gracchus
How were the Gracchi brothers related to Scipio Africanus?
He was their grandfather (Cornelia was his son)
When was Tiberius Gracchus killed?
133 BC
What did Tiberius Gracchus do in his 133 consulship?
Broke up the latifundia by limiting land ownership to 500 iugera
What law by Tiberius Gracchus limited land ownership to 500 iugera?
Lēx Semprōnia Agrāria
Who had one of his fellow tribunes removed from office because this tribune kept vetoing his land
bill that he was trying to get passed in 133 BC?
Tiberius Gracchus
Who was the tribune Tiberius Gracchus had removed to keep him from vetoing his reforms?
Marcus Octavius
How did Tiberius Gracchus die?
Scipio Nassica led a group of senators that killed him and 300 of his followers with things like furniture legs
Why was Tiberius Gracchus killed?
He tried to run for a second consulship
What was sacked in 133 BC, and by who?
Scipio Aemillianus sacked Numantia, with the help of Gaius Gracchus
What future enemy of Rome helped Scipio Aemilianus and the Romans with the 133 BC Siege of Numantia?
Jugurtha
Who died in 133 BC, leaving what kingdom to Rome?
Attalus III died in 133 BC and bequeathed Pergamum to Rome
How did Aemilianus sack Numantia?
Double ringed wall around the city
Who was consul first, Tiberius or Gaius?
Tiberius in 133
Gaius in 123 and 122
What agnomen did Aemilianus earn for the siege of Numantia?
Numantius
How many times was Gaius Gracchus consul?
2
What did Gaius Gracchus do with his consulships?
Proposed land reforms and grain distribution
Who passed the lex frumentaria, and what was it?
Gaius Gracchus, it subsidized grain
Who wanted to make the ruins of Carthage into a colony, and what would it be called?
Gaius Gracchus wanted to make Junonia
How does Gaius Gracchus die, and who killed him?
Lucius Opimius killed him and 3000 of his followers after he tried to run for a 3rd consulship
What type of family was Marius born into?
Plebeian
Had anyone in Marius’ family held office?
No, he was a novus homo
Where was Marius from?
Arpinum
How did Marius move up in rank?
He was a client of the wealthy Metelli family and an accomplished soldier
Who was Marius’ wife?
Julia, Caesar’s aunt (and a patrician)
Who was Jugurtha?
Enemy of Rome from Numidia (North Africa)
Where was Jugurtha from?
Numidia
What event in 112 BC sparked the Jugurthine war?
Siege of Cirta (Romans massacred)
What Numidian enemy of Rome called Rome a “city for sale”?
Jugurtha
Who captured Jugurtha?
Marius becomes consul in 107 BC and, with Sulla’s help, captures him. He does not give Sulla credit for it
Who betrayed Jugurtha, allowing his capture?
King Bocchus of Maurentania
Who did Marius take over command from to defeat Jugurtha?
Metellus Numidicus
Where did Jugurtha and Versingetorix die?
Mamertine Prison
How many times in Marius consul?
7
When was Marius’ first consulship, and who was his coconsul?
107 BC, L. Cassius Longinus
What battle of 105 BC against the Cimbri and Teutones was one of the worst Roman defeats in history?
Battle of Arausio (105 BC) (modern day Orange, France)
Who were the defeated Roman generals at Arausio?
Mallius Maximus and Servilius Caepio
Which Germanic Kings defeated the Romans at the Battle of Arausio (105 BC)?
Boiorix (Cimbri) and Teutobod (Teutones)
What Germanic tribes does Marius defeat?
Cimbri and Teutones
Where does Marius defeat the Teutones in 102 BC?
Battle of Aquae Sextiae (102 BC)
Where does Marius defeat the Cimbri in 101 BC?
Battle of Vercellae (101 BC)
Who helped Marius at Vercellae but didn’t get much credit?
Q. Lutatius Catulus
Who was unfairly convicted by the equestrians in 92 BC?
P. Rutilius Rufus
Whose death in 91 BC started the Social War?
M. Livius Drusus
Who was more involved in the social war: Marius or Sulla?
Sulla
What group went against Rome in the Social war?
Marsic Confederation (started by Marsi tribe)
Who were the main Romans involved in the Social War?
Marius, Sulla, Pompey, Pompey Strabo (his father), Lucius Julius Caesar
What was Pompey called in the Social War?
Adulescentulus Carnifex (teenage butcher)
What law of 90 BC offered citizenship to Italians from communities which had not raised armies against Rome in the Social War, and who proposed it?
Lex Julia, by Lucius Julius Caesar
What Italian city did Sulla besiege during the Social War?
Pompeii
What law of 89 BC offered citizenship to all Italians?
Lex Plautia Papiria
When was Marius’ last consulship, and who was his coconsul?
86 BC, Cinna
Whom did Cinna choose as his consular colleague in 85 BC?
Carbo
Whom did Cinna send to remove Sulla and to take command against Mithridates,
but was murdered by his own troops (because of Flavius Fimbria)
L. Valerius Flaccus
How does Marius improve the military?
Weapon improvements like on the pilum (javelin), eliminates the requirement for soldiers to own land, makes soldiers carry their own packs
Who was Saturninus?
3 time consul
What tribune sought land for Marius’ African veterans in 103 BC?
Saturninus
Who did Saturninus join forces with?
Marius and Glaucia
What did Saturninus and Glaucia use to achieve their goals?
Violence
What was a Senatus Consultum Ultimum?
“Final Decree of the Senate”, basically gave magistrates power to ignore the law in the event that there was a big problem or enemy that needed to be dealt with
How was Saturninus killed?
Senatus Consultum Ultimum was issued as a decree of death, Saturninus hides in curis (senate house), is killed by people throwing roof tiles at him
How did Sulla know Marius?
He fought under Marius in Jugurthine war and against the Cimbri and Teutones
Who did the senate support more, Marius or Sulla?
Sulla
What was Mithridates VI king of?
Pontus (by the Black sea)
What was the Asiatic Vespers?
88 BC massacre of Romans in Anatolia by Mithridates VI
What enemy of Rome made himself immune to poison?
Mithridates VI
Who did the senate choose to fight Mithridates?
Sulla
When was Sulla first consul?
88 BC
Who transferred command against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius, causing Sulla to march on Rome?
P. Sulpicius Rufus
What does Sulla do after his command is overturned by Marius?
He marches on Rome and gets command once more
Who opposes Sulla and are defeated in his second march on Rome?
Populares: Cinna, Carbo, and Marius the younger
Which Optimate leader expanded the senate to 600 men, was dictator for life, and limited a tribune’s right to veto?
Sulla
Who captured Athens in 86 BC?
Sulla
Who signed the Treaty of Dardanos (85 BC)?
Sulla and Mithridates VI
What ended the First Mithridatic War?
Treaty of Dardanos (85 BC)
In what battle of 82 BC does Sulla (with Crassus) secure his control of Rome over the Marians and finish off the Samnites?
Battle of the Colline Gate (82 BC)
What were the Proscriptions?
After the Battle of the Colline Gate, Sulla puts up lists of Marius supporters that he wants killed
What freedman of Sulla made a fortune off of the proscriptions?
L. Cornelius Chrysogonus
Who expanded the Curia (Hostilia) in 80 BC due to the growing number of senators, and called it the Curia Cornelia?
Sulla
What dictator’s hatred for the office of plebeian tribune motivated him to remove the
tribune’s power to initiate legislation?
Sulla
How long was Sulla dictator?
3 years (82-79 BC)
What law made Sulla dictator in 82 BC?
Lex Valeria
When did Sulla die, after giving up his dictator position and becoming a cabbage farmer?
78 BC
What kingdom was bequeathed to Rome in 74 BC, and who bequeathed it?
Nicomedes IV bequeathed Bithynia to Rome
What was Crassus known as?
The richest man in Rome
Did Crassus support Marius or Sulla?
Sulla
How did Crassus make money?
Firefighting thing (sell me your building or watch it burn down) and taking money from people he killed during Proscriptions
What renegade in Spain did Pompey and Q Caecilius Metellus Pius defeat in around 72 BC?
Sertorius
Who was called the “new Hannibal” and taught the Spanish how to fight like Romans?
Sertorius
Who actually killed Sertotius?
Perperna
Why had Sertorius been in Spain?
He was proscribed by Sulla
Who did Sertorius defeat in hand to hand combat?
Pompey
What happened to Perperna?
Executed by Pompey
What war was the Spartacan rebellion a part of?
Third Servile War (73-71 BC)
Who defeated Spartacus and who got credit for it?
Crassus was given command (he wanted military fame), but Pompey got all the credit after coming in at the last second.
What happened to the 6000 of Spartacus’ men who were not killed in battle?
They were crucified on the Via Appia
Who was Pompey’s childhood hero?
Alexander the Great, so he was Pompey “the Great” after Sulla gave him the name Magnus
When were Crassus and Pompey coconsuls?
70 and 55 BC
Where was it decided by the First Triumvirate that Crassus and Pompey would be consuls of 55 BC?
Luca Conference
What was decided at the Luca Conference in 56 BC?
-Crassus and Pompey would be 55 BC consuls
-Crassus would control Syria
-Pompey would control Spain
-Caesar would get five more years in Gaul
What governor of Sicily did the Sicilians ask Cicero to persecute?
Verres
What law gave Pompey command to deal with the pirates in the Mediterranean?
Lex Gabinia (67 BC)
Who passed the Lex Gabinia?
Gabinius
How long did the Lex Gabinia give Pompey to defeat the pirates, and how long did it actually take him?
3 years, took him 3 months
What law gave Pompey command to defeat Mithridates (replacing Lucullus), which he did?
Lex Manilia (66 BC)
Who did Pompey replace as commander of the forces against Mithridates in 66 BC?
Lucullus
Who defeated Mithridates in the 3rd Mithridatic War?
Pompey
How did Mithridates die in 63 BC?
Suicide
Name 5 things that happened in 63 BC
Mithridates commits suicide
Caesar becomes Pontifex Maximus
Cicero is consul
Catilinarian Conspiracy
Octavian born
When was Octavian born?
63 BC
What was the Catilinarian Conspiracy?
Lucius Sergius Catilina (or just Catiline) tried to overthrow consuls Marcus Tullius Cicero and Gaius Antonius Hybrida in 63 BC
What year was the Catalinarian Conspiracy?
63 BC
What tribe of people helped Cicero expose the conspiracy?
Allebroge tribe (Gallic)
Who was Cicero?
Orator, novus homo, pater patriae (father of the country)
What was Cicero’s full name?
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Where was Cicero from?
Arpinum
Why was Cicero exiled to Thessanolica?
Executing people without a trial
Where was Cicero exiled to?
Thessanolica
How was Catiline defeated?
Marcus Petreius defeated him at Pistoria in 62 BC
Who was Gaius Julius Caesar?
Born in 100 BC, a patrician
Who was Caesar’s mother?
Aurelia
Who were Caesar’s wives, in order?
Cornelia, Pompeia, Calpurnia
Who was Caesar’s childhood girlfriend/wife?
Cossutia
Who was Caesar’s mistress, the mother of Brutus?
Servilia
Who was Caesar’s daughter, and who did she marry?
Julia, she married Pompey
Who snuck into the Bona Dea festival dressed as a woman in 62 BC in order to seduce Pompeia, Julius Caesar’s wife?
Publius Claudius Pulcher
What happened after the Bona Dea scandal?
Cato the Younger brought a charge of sacrilege in 62 B.C. against Pulcher
What did Publius Claudius Pulcher do to become a tribune?
Made himself a plebeian, changing his name to Clodius
Why was Caesar on the proscription list and what did he do?
He was Marius’ nephew, he went east but eventually came back
How does Caesar make his way up through the cursus honorum?
Mainly bribes
Why does Caesar need to make friends with Crassus?
He needs money after all of his bribes
When does Caesar become Pontifex Maximus?
63 BC
Who was in the first triumvirate, and when was it formed?
Crassus, Pompey, Caesar (death order), formed in 60 BC
What were the first triumvirate guys’ strenghts?
Crassus- financial power
Pompey- military power
Caesar- political power
In 59 BC, Caesar was coconsul with who (“Year of Julius and Caesar”)?
Bibulus
When was Caesar consul?
59 BC (with Bibulus)
Which tribe did Caesar first go after in his military campaigns?
Helvetti
Who led the Seubi against Caesar?
Ariovistus
Which seafaring tribe did Caesar defeat with a grappling hook in the naval battle of Morbihan Gulf (56 BC)?
The Veneti
In what battle of 52 BC did Versingetorix defeat Caesar?
Battle of Gergovia (52 BC)
What Germanic tribe was Versingetorix from?
Arverni
In what battle was Crassus killed?
Battle of Carrhae, (53 BC) had molten gold poured down his throat
What battle was Caesar’s decisive victory against Versingetorix?
Battle of Alesia (52 BC)
Who was Caesar’s chief lieutenant at Alesia?
Labienus
What structure in the forum was burned down by a mob in 52 BC?
Curia (Hostilia)
Who’s cremation in 52 BC led to the burning down of the curia hostilia?
P. Claudius Pulcher
Who murdered P. Claudius Pulcher on the Appian Way?
Milo
Who attempted to defend Milo for Claudius Pulcher’s murder?
Cicero
Where does Caesar spend his two 5 year proconsulships?
Fighting in Gaul
Who was Julius Caesar’s legatus and most trusted subordinate in Gaul?
T. Labienus
What does Caesar say as he crosses the Rubicon into Roman territory with this army in 49 BC?
“Alea iacta est” - the die is cast
When does Caesar cross the Rubicon?
January 10, 49 BC
At what battle of 48 BC does Pompey defeat Caesar in Greece?
Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)
At what battle of 48 BC does Caesar decisively defeat Pompey?
Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC)
Which opponent of Caesar was killed at the Battle of Pharsalus?
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (red beard)
How does Pompey die?
After his defeat at Pharsalus (48 BC), he flees to Alexandria, Ptolemy orders his beheading
After what battle of 47 BC did Caesar say, “veni, vidi, vici”?
Battle of Zela (47 BC)
Which king of Pontus and son of Mithridates VI did Caesar easily defeat at Zela (47 BC)?
Pharnaces II
At what battle of 46 BC does Caesar defeat pro-Pompey forces including Metellus Scipio, Numidian king Juba, and Titus Labienus (former Caesar legate) ?
The Battle of Thapsus (46 BC)
Who kills himself after a loss at the Battle of Thapsus?
Cato the Younger
How many triumphs did Caesar celebrate in 46 BC, and what were they for?
4: Gaul, Egypt, Pontus, and Africa
Who was Caesar consul with in 46 BC?
Lepidus
After Pompey’s death, at what battle does Caesar finish off his army and defeat Pompey’s sons Gnaeus and Sextus Pompeius?
Battle of Munda (45 BC), in Spain
At what 45 BC battle did Titus Labienus die?
Munda
After Pompey’s death, who does Caesar defeat in 45 BC at the Battle of Munda?
Gnaeus and Sextus Pompeius
Who is Caesar consul with in 45 BC?
Nobody
Who is Caesar consul with in 44 BC?
Mark Antony
During the early years of the 2nd Triumvirate, what son of Pompey led the pirates that cut off commerce
between Rome and Africa?
Sextus Pompeius
Where did Agrippa defeat Pompeius’ pirates?
Naulochus
What title was Caesar in 44 BC?
Dictator for Life
Who was Caesar’s only son, who he had with Cleopatra?
Caesarion
Who killed Caesarion?
Octavian
Who built a new Curia in 44 BC and changed its position in the forum after he expanded the senate to 900 men?
Caesar built the Curia Julia in 44 BC
Who was co-consul with Julius Caesar in 44 BC?
Marc Antony
When was Caesar killed?
March 15 (Ides of March), 44 BC
Who were two of the people who killed Caesar?
Cassius and Brutus
What happened to Cassius and Brutus?
Both killed themselves at the Battle of Philippi (42 BC) after being defeated by Antony and Octavian
According to Shakespeare, what were Caesar’s last words?
“Et tu, Brute?” (even you, Brutus?)
Who fled her house on the Janiculum in 44 BC following the murder of Julius Caesar and attempted to regain some political influence with the murder of her brother Ptolemy XIV?
Cleopatra
Where was Caesar planning on invading if he hadn’t been killed?
The Parthian Empire (to avenge Crassus’ death)
When was the revolt of Spartacus?
73 BC
Who killed Cicero?
A centurion named Herenius (on Antony’s orders)
