Enculturation Flashcards
What is the definition of enculturation?
The process of acquiring the cultural norms and values of one’s home culture. Berry defines it as a type of cultural transmission, a process ‘by which cultural features of a population are transferred to its individual members’.
What is the bidirectional relationship between?
Cultural norms and the individuals who make up particular cultural groups. Cultural norms grow out of the behaviour of individuals but individuals’ behaviours is shaped by cultural norms.
What is the mechanism of enculturation?
Culture transmission
What are the two processes of enculturation?
Learning the values and beliefs
Learning the norms and expectations
Learning the values and beliefs
First there is the process of learning the values and beliefs of the new culture as a culture shares a set of common beliefs, often related to the social identity of the group which involves who we are as a people, where we came from, what defines us, the trials we faced, and where we are goingin the future.
Learning the norms and expectations
Learning the behaviours that are expected of us in our culture, what we should or shouldn’t do, and what role we should play in society.
How can we learn enculturation?
Direct tuition
Participatory learning
Observational learning
Direct tuition
The processes of direct tuition by being taught by our parents or other members of society
Participatory learning
Participatory learning, by engaging activities which are based around certain aspects of the new culture
Observational learning
Observational learning which is linked to social cognitive learning which is based around learning through a model and imitating the model.
Name of the study?
Fagot
When was Fagot?
1978
Aim of Fagot (1978)
To observe parental reactions to behaviour that wasn’t deemed appropriate for the child’s gender.
Sample of Fagot (1978)
24 families, half with a boy and half with a girl.
Procedure of Fagot (1978)
Observers used an observation checklist of child behaviours and reactions by parents. There were five 60-minute observations completed for each family over a five-week period. The observer used time sampling, making note of the child’s behaviour every 60 seconds and then noting the parents’ response. Two observers were used to establish inter-coder reliability.
What happened after the observations?
After the observations were finished, each parent was asked to rate the 46 behaviours as more appropriate for girls, for boys or neutral. Each parent also filled out a questionnaire on the socialisation of sex roles.
What were the findings of Fagot (1978)
Boys were more likely to be left alone by their parents than girls.
Parents gave boys more positive responses when they played with blocks than they did girls.
Parents gave girls more negative responses when they manipulated an object than they did boys.
Parents gave more positive responses to girls than boys for playing with dolls and more negative responses to boys.
Parents criticised girls more when they participated in large motor activities – e.g. running and jumping.
Parents gave more positive responses to girls than boys when they asked for help and a more negative response to boys.
Fathers were more concerned with appropriate sex-typing than mothers and both parents found more behaviours appropriate for girls only than for boys only.
What to know for Enculturation
Enculturation Bidirectional relationship between Mechanism of enculturation Two processes of enculturation 3 types of learning enculturation Fagot (1978)
