Enculturation

Question 1

What is the definition of enculturation?

Answer 1

The process of acquiring the cultural norms and values of one’s home culture. Berry defines it as a type of cultural transmission, a process ‘by which cultural features of a population are transferred to its individual members’.

Question 2

What is the bidirectional relationship between?

Answer 2

Cultural norms and the individuals who make up particular cultural groups. Cultural norms grow out of the behaviour of individuals but individuals’ behaviours is shaped by cultural norms.

Question 3

What is the mechanism of enculturation?

Answer 3

Culture transmission

Question 4

What are the two processes of enculturation?

Answer 4

Learning the values and beliefs

Learning the norms and expectations

Question 5

Learning the values and beliefs

Answer 5

First there is the process of learning the values and beliefs of the new culture as a culture shares a set of common beliefs, often related to the social identity of the group which involves who we are as a people, where we came from, what defines us, the trials we faced, and where we are goingin the future.

Question 6

Learning the norms and expectations

Answer 6

Learning the behaviours that are expected of us in our culture, what we should or shouldn’t do, and what role we should play in society.

Question 7

How can we learn enculturation?

Answer 7

Direct tuition
Participatory learning
Observational learning

Question 8

Direct tuition

Answer 8

The processes of direct tuition by being taught by our parents or other members of society

Question 9

Participatory learning

Answer 9

Participatory learning, by engaging activities which are based around certain aspects of the new culture

Question 10

Observational learning

Answer 10

Observational learning which is linked to social cognitive learning which is based around learning through a model and imitating the model.

Question 11

Name of the study?

Answer 11

Fagot

Question 12

When was Fagot?

Answer 12

1978

Question 13

Aim of Fagot (1978)

Answer 13

To observe parental reactions to behaviour that wasn’t deemed appropriate for the child’s gender.

Question 14

Sample of Fagot (1978)

Answer 14

24 families, half with a boy and half with a girl.

Question 15

Procedure of Fagot (1978)

Answer 15

Observers used an observation checklist of child behaviours and reactions by parents. There were five 60-minute observations completed for each family over a five-week period. The observer used time sampling, making note of the child’s behaviour every 60 seconds and then noting the parents’ response. Two observers were used to establish inter-coder reliability.

Question 16

What happened after the observations?

Answer 16

After the observations were finished, each parent was asked to rate the 46 behaviours as more appropriate for girls, for boys or neutral. Each parent also filled out a questionnaire on the socialisation of sex roles.

Question 17

What were the findings of Fagot (1978)

Answer 17

Boys were more likely to be left alone by their parents than girls.

Parents gave boys more positive responses when they played with blocks than they did girls.

Parents gave girls more negative responses when they manipulated an object than they did boys.

Parents gave more positive responses to girls than boys for playing with dolls and more negative responses to boys.

Parents criticised girls more when they participated in large motor activities – e.g. running and jumping.

Parents gave more positive responses to girls than boys when they asked for help and a more negative response to boys.

Fathers were more concerned with appropriate sex-typing than mothers and both parents found more behaviours appropriate for girls only than for boys only.

Question 18

What to know for Enculturation

Answer 18

Enculturation
Bidirectional relationship between
Mechanism of enculturation
Two processes of enculturation
3 types of learning enculturation
Fagot (1978)