Emotions

Question 1

basic emotions

Answer 1

anger, fear, happiness, disgust, sadness, and surprise

Question 2

limbic system

Answer 2

controls the basic emotions, which are believed to have developed via evolution to help us make quick judgements and actions

Question 3

secondary emotions

Answer 3

the emotions beyond the basic 6 often with cognitive components (interpreting experiences to create a diverse range of emotions), includes: guilt, enthusiasm, pride, etc.

Question 4

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 4

• argues that all physical reactions create diff emotions, and that psychological response (emotion) is the RESULT of a physiological reaction
• created by William James and Carl Lange
• when confronted with a stimuli, it affects us physiologically, so feelings are a recognition/interpretation of what’s happening physically

Question 5

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 5

• argues that physical responses and emotions occur simultaneously but are independent of each other
• proposed by Walter Bradford Cannon and Philip Bard
• argues that it’s possible to experience emotion when the brain is excised from signals of bodily arousal, so emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal

Question 6

Walter Bradford Cannon

Answer 6

• coined “fight-or-flight”
• developed theory of homeostasis
• concluded that the thalamus was most involved in physiological emotion while the cortex controls and inhibits them
• believed that the ANS is responsible for arousal and the cortex for subjective emotional experience

Question 7

thalamic discharge

Answer 7

when this occurs, the bodily changes occur almost simultaneously with emotional experience but also independent of e/o; physiological experience doesn’t have to precede emotional expression/experience

Question 8

Philip Bard

Answer 8

• Cannon’s student that identified the parts of the brain that might be responsible for generation of emotion

Question 9

thalamic theory of emotion (C-B)

Answer 9

• suggests that when receptors are activated, they send a message to the cortex, which sends messages to hypothalamus and thalamus, whose responses determine the emotions we experience
• considered outdated since the thalamus is now considered as the relay station or the first to receive info from the body and send it to the cortex and emotions as involving many parts of the brain

Question 10

Schacter-Singer/two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 10

argues that emotion is the result of an arousal and cognition (interpretation)

Question 11

misattribution of arousal

Answer 11

tendency of ppl to incorrectly label the source of the arousal they’re experiencing

Question 12

excitation transfer

Answer 12

phenomenon that occurs when ppl who are already experiencing arousal from one event tend to experience unrelated emotions more strongly

Question 13

cognitive mediational theory

Answer 13

proposed by Richard Lazarus to argue that many emotions and cognitions come before arousal; sometimes, cognition happens before physiological arousal, if at all; involves primary appraisal (interpreting the stressors as threats or non-threats) and secondary appraisal (analyzing coping ability and available resources)

Question 14

intrapersonal functions of emotions

Answer 14

• help us act quickly with minimal conscious awareness by preparing the body for immediate action (FOF)
• fuel our behaviour
• influence our thoughts and serve as motivation

Question 15

interpersonal functions of emotions

Answer 15

• facilitate specific behaviours in perceivers
• signal the nature of interpersonal relationships
• provide incentives for desired social behaviours

Question 16

cultural functions of emotions

Answer 16

• diff cultures have diff views of emotions and emotional expressions
• used to facilitate social order and control
• shared cultural worldviews help us have similar emotional experiences and management styles
• culturally moderated emotions help us engage in socially appropriate behaviours, which reduces social complexity and increases social order

Question 17

cultural display rules

Answer 17

learned early in life to specify the management and modification of our emotional expressions according to social circumstances

Question 18

hardiness

Answer 18

tendency to be less affected by stressors, introduced by Suzanne Kobasa, leads to less sympathetic arousal due to less excretion of stress hormones that dampen our immune response

Question 19

Kobasa’s aspects of hardiness

Answer 19

• commitment
• control
• challenge

Question 20

commitment

Answer 20

getting involved in your world, having an interest about the things around you

Question 21

control

Answer 21

believing and acting as if you can influence the events around you

Question 22

challenge

Answer 22

the belief that change rather than stability is the normal mode of life and constitutes motivating opportunities for personal growth instead of as a threat to security

Question 23

optimism

Answer 23

a general tendency to expect positive outcomes, usually leading to less stress and more happiness

Question 24

perceived self-efficacy

Answer 24

belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired results, interchangeable with having an internal locus of control

Question 25

Sonya Lyubomirsky

Answer 25

• concluded the causal factors of happiness as majorly being genetic, second being intentional acts, and minorly circumstances (this is due to hedonic adaptation)
• believed that practicing acts of kindness benefits our happiness

Question 26

hedonic adaptation

Answer 26

after a positive or negative event and subsequent increase in positive or negative feelings, ppl generally return to a stable, baseline level of emotion

Question 27

Martin Seligman

Answer 27

• developed the concept of learned helplessness
• founder of positive psych
• argued that there were 3 parts of happiness
• added to Lyubormisky, saying that happiness is maximized when acts of kindness vary

Question 28

learned helplessness

Answer 28

the idea that , for many, depression comes from the idea that we can’t do anything to change our lives

Question 29

Seligman’s 3 parts of happiness

Answer 29

• pleasure
• meaning
• flow

Question 30

attachment theory

Answer 30

developed in 1950s in response to children who were separated from their parents during the wars and experiencing higher levels of anxiety due to their attachment being severed

Question 31

drive (affective) states

Answer 31

motivate us to fulfill goals that are beneficial to our survival, biological foundation is prominent in almost all drives

Question 32

glucose hypothesis

Answer 32

introduced by Jean Mayer in the 1950s-60s to argue that dropping glucose levels were correlated with feelings of hunger; however, most of us don’t experience drastic fluctuations, and it’s many other factors that play a role in initiating hunger

Question 33

David Buss

Answer 33

conducted a study with ppl from 37 diff cultures to test evolution theories via asking them to rate the importance of characteristics in potential mates

Question 34

parental investment theory

Answer 34

argues that the sex with smaller parental investment has to compete for the attention of the sex with a larger investment

Question 35

Ariely and Loewenstein

Answer 35

found that sexually aroused male undergrads found more ppl and situations attractive and their moral judgement was hindered too

Question 36

Ayelet Fishback

Answer 36

argued that, to be motivated, you don’t need to be strong, but you do need to be wise

Question 37

goal

Answer 37

cognitive representation of a desired state;
two kinds: performance and mastery

Question 38

performance goal

Answer 38

the goal of demonstrating to others that one possesses a particular ability/attribute

Question 39

mastery goal

Answer 39

an ambition to improve the level of competence based on self-referenced (intrapersonal) standards

Question 40

commitment

Answer 40

comes from value and expectancy (belief that the goal can be attained), not always conscious

Question 41

motivation

Answer 41

the psychological driving force that enables action in the pursuit of a goal; 2 types: intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 42

intrinsic motivation

Answer 42

comes from deriving pleasure from the process of pursuing a goal, finding the task itself joyful, exciting, and fun

Question 43

extrinsic (external) motivation

Answer 43

focuses on the external rewards that goal achievement gives

Question 44

goal priming

Answer 44

cues that can activate a goal, priming us to act in accordance with our goals thanks to associative memory

Question 45

self-control (regulation)

Answer 45

the capacity to control impulses, emotions, desires, and actions to resist a temptation and protect a valued goal, choosing a long-term interest instead of immediate gratification

Question 46

deliberative stage of self-regulation

Answer 46

• deliberating which goal to pursue
• characterized by general open-mindedness and more realism about what it takes to achieve the goal

Question 47

implemental stage of self-regulation

Answer 47

• when we choose a goal
• characterized by close-mindedness and over-optimism

Question 48

Walter Mischel

Answer 48

conducted a marshmallow study, finding that there are long-term benefits to an innate self-control, such as better academic and social performance, showed that innate self-control is stable

Question 49

Baunmeister

Answer 49

did a study with radishes to develop the idea of ego-depletion, finding that those who ate the radishes quit earlier than those who ate the cookies

Question 50

ego-depletion

Answer 50

the exhaustion of resources after resisting temptation

Question 51

stages of facing temptation

Answer 51

• conflict identification
• conflict resolution

Question 52

conflict identification

Answer 52

acknowledging that you’re being tempted and that smth is interfering with your goal

Question 53

conflict resolution

Answer 53

entails either exercising restraint or deciding to indulge

Question 54

countering temptation

Answer 54

involves decreasing the value of a temptation thru: precommitment (setting up ways to commit to goal-oriented activities), rewards for goal achievements and punishments for temptations, and physically approaching goals and distancing from temptations

Question 55

things to do to be happier (Lyubormisky)

Answer 55

• express gratitude
• cultivate optimism
• avoid overthinking and comparison
• practice acts of kindness
• nurture social relationships
• develop coping strategies
• learn to forgive
• increase flow experiences
• savour life’s joys
• commit to your goals
• practice religion
• take care of your body