Chapter 11

Question 1

affect

Answer 1

the experience of feeling or emotion, guides behaviour, helps with decision-making, and has major impacts on health

Question 2

two fundamental components of affect

Answer 2

• emotion (feeling state that directs our attention and guides behaviour)
• motivation (driving force that initiates and directs behaviour)

Question 3

arousal

Answer 3

experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Question 4

emotional regulation

Answer 4

ability to control and productively use one’s emotions

Question 5

basic emotions

Answer 5

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

Question 6

limbic system

Answer 6

determines basic emotions, includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus

Question 7

cognitive appraisal

Answer 7

cognitive interpretations that accompany emotions, allowing us to experience secondary emotions

Question 8

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 8

argues that the experience of an emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal

Question 9

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 9

argues that our experience of an emotion is the result of the arousal we experience, diff patterns of arousal may create diff emotional experiences

Question 10

two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 10

asserts that the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we experience, but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what emotion it will be, emphasizes env factors

Question 11

excitation transfer

Answer 11

phenomenon that occurs when ppl who are already experiencing one arousal from one event tend to also experience unrelated emotions more strongly

Question 12

misattribution of arousal

Answer 12

tendency for ppl to incorrectly label the source of the arousal they experience

Question 13

nonverbal communication

Answer 13

communication that doesn’t involve words

Question 14

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 14

proposes that the movement of our facial muscles can trigger corresponding emotions

Question 15

intrapersonal functions of emotion

Answer 15

• info-processing systems that help us act with minimal thinking
• prepare us for behavior by triggering and deactivating systems
• serve as neural glue that connects memories in our minds

Question 16

interpersonal functions of emotion

Answer 16

• signal and influence others and social interactions

Question 17

social referencing

Answer 17

the process whereby infants seek info from others to clarify a situation and then using that info to act

Question 18

social and cultural functions of emotion

Answer 18

• cultural transmission of the meaning and info system to its members is a crucial aspect of culture thru worldviews based on emotion
• inform us about how to manage and modify emotions when we experience them

Question 19

cultural display rules

Answer 19

learned rules that specify the management and modification of our emotional expressions according to social circumstances

Question 20

positive thinking

Answer 20

the idea that thinking positively helps ppl meet their goals and keeps them healthy, happy, and able to cope with negative events

Question 21

optimism

Answer 21

a general tendency to expect positive outcomes, leading to less stress and more happiness

Question 22

self-efficacy

Answer 22

the belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes

Question 23

hardiness

Answer 23

the tendency to be less affected by stressors that can be characterized as an individual diff measure that has a relationship to optimism and SE

Question 24

perception of social support

Answer 24

positive social relations with others

Question 25

direct effects of social support

Answer 25

having ppl we can trust and rely on helps by allowing us to share favours

Question 26

appreciation effects of social support

Answer 26

having ppl around us makes us feel good about ourselves

Question 27

drive state

Answer 27

an affective experience that motivates organisms to fulfill goals that are beneficial to survival and reproduction

Question 28

homeostasis

Answer 28

stable state in all physiological systems

Question 29

goal

Answer 29

cognitive representation of a desired state or our mental idea of how we’d like things to turn out

Question 30

motivation

Answer 30

the psychological driving force that enables action in the pursuit of goals

Question 31

intrinsic motivation

Answer 31

from the benefits associated with the process of pursuing a goal

Question 32

extrinsic motivation

Answer 32

from the benefits associated with achieving a goal

Question 33

goal priming

Answer 33

cues in a person’s env that activate a goal

Question 34

self-regulation

Answer 34

refers to the process thru which individuals alter their perceptions, feelings, and actions in goal pursuit

Question 35

deliberative phase of self-regulation

Answer 35

deciding which goal to pursue, usually open-minded and realistic about goals

Question 36

implemental phase of self-regulation

Answer 36

involves acting according to the goal

Question 37

2 distinct self-regulatory orientations in goal pursuit

Answer 37

• prevention focus (emphasizes safety, responsibility, and security needs, views goals as ‘oughts’, leads to a strategy aimed at avoiding losses and approaching non-losses)
• promotion focus (views goals as ‘ideals, emphasizes hopes, accomplishments, and advancement needs, leads to a strategy aimed at approaching gains and avoiding non-gains)

Question 38

cybernetic process of self-regulation

Answer 38

internal system directing how a person should control behaviour

Question 39

commitment

Answer 39

results from perceived attainability of a goal

Question 40

progress

Answer 40

describes the perception of a reduced discrepancy between the current and desired state

Question 41

self-control

Answer 41

the capacity to control impulses, emotions, desires, actions, to resist a temptation

Question 42

ego-depletion

Answer 42

refers to the exhaustion of resources from resisting a temptation