Chapter 11 Flashcards
Emotions and Motivations
affect
the experience of feeling or emotion, guides behaviour, helps with decision-making, and has major impacts on health
two fundamental components of affect
- emotion (feeling state that directs our attention and guides behaviour)
- motivation (driving force that initiates and directs behaviour)
arousal
experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
emotional regulation
ability to control and productively use one’s emotions
basic emotions
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
limbic system
determines basic emotions, includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus
cognitive appraisal
cognitive interpretations that accompany emotions, allowing us to experience secondary emotions
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
argues that the experience of an emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal
James-Lange theory of emotion
argues that our experience of an emotion is the result of the arousal we experience, diff patterns of arousal may create diff emotional experiences
two-factor theory of emotion
asserts that the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we experience, but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what emotion it will be, emphasizes env factors
excitation transfer
phenomenon that occurs when ppl who are already experiencing one arousal from one event tend to also experience unrelated emotions more strongly
misattribution of arousal
tendency for ppl to incorrectly label the source of the arousal they experience
nonverbal communication
communication that doesn’t involve words
facial feedback hypothesis
proposes that the movement of our facial muscles can trigger corresponding emotions
intrapersonal functions of emotion
- info-processing systems that help us act with minimal thinking
- prepare us for behavior by triggering and deactivating systems
- serve as neural glue that connects memories in our minds
interpersonal functions of emotion
- signal and influence others and social interactions
social referencing
the process whereby infants seek info from others to clarify a situation and then using that info to act
social and cultural functions of emotion
- cultural transmission of the meaning and info system to its members is a crucial aspect of culture thru worldviews based on emotion
- inform us about how to manage and modify emotions when we experience them
cultural display rules
learned rules that specify the management and modification of our emotional expressions according to social circumstances
positive thinking
the idea that thinking positively helps ppl meet their goals and keeps them healthy, happy, and able to cope with negative events
optimism
a general tendency to expect positive outcomes, leading to less stress and more happiness
self-efficacy
the belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes
hardiness
the tendency to be less affected by stressors that can be characterized as an individual diff measure that has a relationship to optimism and SE
perception of social support
positive social relations with others
direct effects of social support
having ppl we can trust and rely on helps by allowing us to share favours
appreciation effects of social support
having ppl around us makes us feel good about ourselves
drive state
an affective experience that motivates organisms to fulfill goals that are beneficial to survival and reproduction
homeostasis
stable state in all physiological systems
goal
cognitive representation of a desired state or our mental idea of how we’d like things to turn out
motivation
the psychological driving force that enables action in the pursuit of goals
intrinsic motivation
from the benefits associated with the process of pursuing a goal
extrinsic motivation
from the benefits associated with achieving a goal
goal priming
cues in a person’s env that activate a goal
self-regulation
refers to the process thru which individuals alter their perceptions, feelings, and actions in goal pursuit
deliberative phase of self-regulation
deciding which goal to pursue, usually open-minded and realistic about goals
implemental phase of self-regulation
involves acting according to the goal
2 distinct self-regulatory orientations in goal pursuit
- prevention focus (emphasizes safety, responsibility, and security needs, views goals as ‘oughts’, leads to a strategy aimed at avoiding losses and approaching non-losses)
- promotion focus (views goals as ‘ideals, emphasizes hopes, accomplishments, and advancement needs, leads to a strategy aimed at approaching gains and avoiding non-gains)
cybernetic process of self-regulation
internal system directing how a person should control behaviour
commitment
results from perceived attainability of a goal
progress
describes the perception of a reduced discrepancy between the current and desired state
self-control
the capacity to control impulses, emotions, desires, actions, to resist a temptation
ego-depletion
refers to the exhaustion of resources from resisting a temptation
