Chapter 12

Question 1

stress

Answer 1

physiological and psychological experience of significant life events, trauma, and chronic strain

Question 2

PTSD

Answer 2

a medical syndrome that includes symptoms of anxiety, sleeplessness, etc. frequently experienced by victims or witnesses of violence, abuse, natural disasters, war

Question 3

Hans Selye

Answer 3

studied stress with rats, developing general adaptation syndrome

Question 4

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 4

refers to the three distinct phases of physiological change that occur in response to long-term stress (alarm, resistance, and exhaustion)

Question 5

alarm

Answer 5

body releases stress hormones

Question 6

resistance

Answer 6

after a period of chronic stress, the body adapts to ongoing threat and tries to return to normalcy, while glucose and blood pressure continues to increase

Question 7

exhaustion

Answer 7

body runs out of energy reserves and immunity, blood sugar levels decrease, leading to decreased stress tolerance, progressive exhaustion, illness, and collapse, organs begin to fail

Question 8

HPA axis

Answer 8

a physiological response to stress involving interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands

Question 9

HPA response

Answer 9

begins when H secretes releasing hormones that direct the P gland to release ACTH, which directs the adrenal glands to secrete more hormones (like norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol)

Question 10

cardiac output

Answer 10

more blood being pumped

Question 11

Holmes and Rahe stress scale

Answer 11

a measure of some everyday life events that might lead to stress

Question 12

Social Readjustment Scale

Answer 12

measures whether stressful events might cause illnesses

Question 13

daily hassles

Answer 13

our everyday interactions with the env that are essentially negative that also create stress

Question 14

Meyer Friedman and R. H. Rosenman

Answer 14

among the first to study the link between stress and heart disease, finding that men are more likely to respond to stressors with negative emotions and hostility

Question 15

tend-and-befriend response

Answer 15

a behavioural reaction to stress that involves activities designed to create social networks that provide protection from threats

Question 16

Daniel Wegner

Answer 16

found that ppl can’t suppress simple thoughts

Question 17

James Pennebaker

Answer 17

found that simply talking or writing about our emotions or reactions to negative events provides substantial health benefits

Question 18

emotion regulation

Answer 18

ability to successfully control our emotions and can be trained

Question 19

Walter Mischel

Answer 19

conducted an experiment with marshmallows, finding that effective self-regulation is important to positive characteristics and life success

Question 20

stress’s effects on health outcomes

Answer 20

• personal (stressors’ damage on health are substantial)
• socioeconomic (differential exposure to stress can produce gender, racial, ethnic, and social class inequalities in health)
• sociopolitical (stressors proliferate over life and across generations, widening health gaps between privileged and non-privileged groups)

Question 21

adrenaline

Answer 21

hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supplies

Question 22

cortisol

Answer 22

primary stress hormone that increases blood sugars, brain’s consumption of glucose, availability of substances that repair tissues, alters immune system responses, and suppresses the digestive, reproductive, and growth systems

Question 23

eustress

Answer 23

proposed by Selye to refer to stress that’s not necessarily debilitative and could be potentially facilitative to a person’s well-being, capacity, or performance

Question 24

hardiness theoretical model

Answer 24

presented by Kobasa, illustrating resilient stress response patterns in individuals and groups, contributes to better health and performance

Question 25

elements involved in hardiness

Answer 25

- commitment (tendency to see the world as interesting) - control (belief in one's ability to control or influence events) - challenge (involves seeking change and new experiences as exciting opportunities to learn and grow)

Question 26

inverted U hypothesis

Answer 26

asserts that, up to a point, stress can be growth-inducing, but that there's a point when stress becomes too much and debilitative

Question 27

stress as a response model

Answer 27

introduced by Selye to describe stress as a physiological response pattern

Question 28

stress as a stimulus model

Answer 28

introduced by Holmes and Rahe to view stress as a significant life event or change that demands, response, adjustment, or adaptation

Question 29

core assumptions of Rahe and Holmes

Answer 29

- change is inherently stressful - life events demand the same levels of adjustment across the pop - there's a common threshold beyond which illness will result

Question 30

transactional theory of stress and coping

Answer 30

developed by Richard Lazarus to present stress as a product of a transaction between a person and their env

Question 31

Lazarus's and Folkman's model of stress appraisal

Answer 31

- primary appraisal (determining whether the stressor poses a threat) - secondary appraisal (evaluating available resources and coping strategies for addressing perceived threats) - reappraisal (ongoing process that involves continually reappraising both the nature of the stressor and the resources available for coping)

Question 32

stress coping

Answer 32

specific process of cognitive appraisal to determine whether an individual believes they have the resources to respond effectively to the challenges of a stressor

Question 33

locus of control

Answer 33

proposed by Rotter

Question 34

internal locus of control

Answer 34

person believes that their achievements and outcomes are determined by their own decisions and efforts

Question 35

external locus of control

Answer 35

a person believes that achievements and outcomes are determined by fate, luck, or other

Question 36

sense of coherence

Answer 36

defined by Antonovsky as an orientation that expresses the extent of one's confidence that the stimuli from env are structured and predictable, resources are available to meet the demands of stimuli, and these demands are challenges

Question 37

self-efficacy

Answer 37

defined by Albert Bandura as the extent of one's belief in one's ability to complete tasks and reach goals

Question 38

stress-related growth/thriving

Answer 38

a dispositional response to stress that enables the individual to see opportunities for growth as opposed to threat or debilitation

Question 39

health psychology

Answer 39

field devoted to understanding the connections between psych and health

Question 40

biopsychosocial model of health

Answer 40

posits that biology, psych, and social factors are just as important in disease development as biological causes

Question 41

biomedical model of health

Answer 41

considers the physical factors contributing to illness

Question 42

stressor

Answer 42

coined by Selye to refer to a stimulus that had an effect on the body

Question 43

5 factors in resilience and its ability to protect/harm health

Answer 43

- coping - control and SE - social relationships - dispositions and emotions - stress management

Question 44

coping

Answer 44

how individuals cope with stressors can have a significant health impact

Question 45

problem-focused coping

Answer 45

actively addressing the event that's causing stress to solve the issue

Question 46

emotion-focused coping

Answer 46

regulates the emotions that come with stress

Question 47

control and SE

Answer 47

having the belief that you have control over a situation is tied to better health and coping ability

Question 48

social relationships

Answer 48

social isolation has a significant effect on our risk for disease and death

Question 49

social integration

Answer 49

refers to the number of social roles that you have and a lack of isolation

Question 50

dispositions and emotions

Answer 50

negative dispositions and traits are strongly tied to health risks

Question 51

Type A behaviour

Answer 51

individuals who tend to be competitive, impatient, and hostile, doubles the risk of heart disease

Question 52

Type B behaviour

Answer 52

positive traits that serve as an 'antidote' to stress by protecting us against its effects

Question 53

stress management

Answer 53

interventions designed to reduce aversive responses to stress