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PSY 121 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

Stress, Health, and Coping

1
Q

stress

A

physiological and psychological experience of significant life events, trauma, and chronic strain

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2
Q

PTSD

A

a medical syndrome that includes symptoms of anxiety, sleeplessness, etc. frequently experienced by victims or witnesses of violence, abuse, natural disasters, war

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3
Q

Hans Selye

A

studied stress with rats, developing general adaptation syndrome

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4
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

refers to the three distinct phases of physiological change that occur in response to long-term stress (alarm, resistance, and exhaustion)

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5
Q

alarm

A

body releases stress hormones

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6
Q

resistance

A

after a period of chronic stress, the body adapts to ongoing threat and tries to return to normalcy, while glucose and blood pressure continues to increase

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7
Q

exhaustion

A

body runs out of energy reserves and immunity, blood sugar levels decrease, leading to decreased stress tolerance, progressive exhaustion, illness, and collapse, organs begin to fail

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8
Q

HPA axis

A

a physiological response to stress involving interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands

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9
Q

HPA response

A

begins when H secretes releasing hormones that direct the P gland to release ACTH, which directs the adrenal glands to secrete more hormones (like norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol)

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10
Q

cardiac output

A

more blood being pumped

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11
Q

Holmes and Rahe stress scale

A

a measure of some everyday life events that might lead to stress

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12
Q

Social Readjustment Scale

A

measures whether stressful events might cause illnesses

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13
Q

daily hassles

A

our everyday interactions with the env that are essentially negative that also create stress

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14
Q

Meyer Friedman and R. H. Rosenman

A

among the first to study the link between stress and heart disease, finding that men are more likely to respond to stressors with negative emotions and hostility

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15
Q

tend-and-befriend response

A

a behavioural reaction to stress that involves activities designed to create social networks that provide protection from threats

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16
Q

Daniel Wegner

A

found that ppl can’t suppress simple thoughts

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17
Q

James Pennebaker

A

found that simply talking or writing about our emotions or reactions to negative events provides substantial health benefits

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18
Q

emotion regulation

A

ability to successfully control our emotions and can be trained

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19
Q

Walter Mischel

A

conducted an experiment with marshmallows, finding that effective self-regulation is important to positive characteristics and life success

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20
Q

stress’s effects on health outcomes

A
  • personal (stressors’ damage on health are substantial)
  • socioeconomic (differential exposure to stress can produce gender, racial, ethnic, and social class inequalities in health)
  • sociopolitical (stressors proliferate over life and across generations, widening health gaps between privileged and non-privileged groups)
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21
Q

adrenaline

A

hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supplies

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22
Q

cortisol

A

primary stress hormone that increases blood sugars, brain’s consumption of glucose, availability of substances that repair tissues, alters immune system responses, and suppresses the digestive, reproductive, and growth systems

23
Q

eustress

A

proposed by Selye to refer to stress that’s not necessarily debilitative and could be potentially facilitative to a person’s well-being, capacity, or performance

24
Q

hardiness theoretical model

A

presented by Kobasa, illustrating resilient stress response patterns in individuals and groups, contributes to better health and performance

25
Q

elements involved in hardiness

A
  • commitment (tendency to see the world as interesting)
  • control (belief in one’s ability to control or influence events)
  • challenge (involves seeking change and new experiences as exciting opportunities to learn and grow)
26
Q

inverted U hypothesis

A

asserts that, up to a point, stress can be growth-inducing, but that there’s a point when stress becomes too much and debilitative

27
Q

stress as a response model

A

introduced by Selye to describe stress as a physiological response pattern

28
Q

stress as a stimulus model

A

introduced by Holmes and Rahe to view stress as a significant life event or change that demands, response, adjustment, or adaptation

29
Q

core assumptions of Rahe and Holmes

A
  • change is inherently stressful
  • life events demand the same levels of adjustment across the pop
  • there’s a common threshold beyond which illness will result
30
Q

transactional theory of stress and coping

A

developed by Richard Lazarus to present stress as a product of a transaction between a person and their env

31
Q

Lazarus’s and Folkman’s model of stress appraisal

A
  • primary appraisal (determining whether the stressor poses a threat)
  • secondary appraisal (evaluating available resources and coping strategies for addressing perceived threats)
  • reappraisal (ongoing process that involves continually reappraising both the nature of the stressor and the resources available for coping)
32
Q

stress coping

A

specific process of cognitive appraisal to determine whether an individual believes they have the resources to respond effectively to the challenges of a stressor

33
Q

locus of control

A

proposed by Rotter

34
Q

internal locus of control

A

person believes that their achievements and outcomes are determined by their own decisions and efforts

35
Q

external locus of control

A

a person believes that achievements and outcomes are determined by fate, luck, or other

36
Q

sense of coherence

A

defined by Antonovsky as an orientation that expresses the extent of one’s confidence that the stimuli from env are structured and predictable, resources are available to meet the demands of stimuli, and these demands are challenges

37
Q

self-efficacy

A

defined by Albert Bandura as the extent of one’s belief in one’s ability to complete tasks and reach goals

38
Q

stress-related growth/thriving

A

a dispositional response to stress that enables the individual to see opportunities for growth as opposed to threat or debilitation

39
Q

health psychology

A

field devoted to understanding the connections between psych and health

40
Q

biopsychosocial model of health

A

posits that biology, psych, and social factors are just as important in disease development as biological causes

41
Q

biomedical model of health

A

considers the physical factors contributing to illness

42
Q

stressor

A

coined by Selye to refer to a stimulus that had an effect on the body

43
Q

5 factors in resilience and its ability to protect/harm health

A
  • coping
  • control and SE
  • social relationships
  • dispositions and emotions
  • stress management
44
Q

coping

A

how individuals cope with stressors can have a significant health impact

45
Q

problem-focused coping

A

actively addressing the event that’s causing stress to solve the issue

46
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

regulates the emotions that come with stress

47
Q

control and SE

A

having the belief that you have control over a situation is tied to better health and coping ability

48
Q

social relationships

A

social isolation has a significant effect on our risk for disease and death

49
Q

social integration

A

refers to the number of social roles that you have and a lack of isolation

50
Q

dispositions and emotions

A

negative dispositions and traits are strongly tied to health risks

51
Q

Type A behaviour

A

individuals who tend to be competitive, impatient, and hostile, doubles the risk of heart disease

52
Q

Type B behaviour

A

positive traits that serve as an ‘antidote’ to stress by protecting us against its effects

53
Q

stress management

A

interventions designed to reduce aversive responses to stress

PSY 121 (14 decks)

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