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PSY 121 > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

covers the entire life span, which is split into 4 main stages: prenatal development, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood

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2
Q

3 stages of prenatal development

A
  1. Zygotes/germinal stage (0-2 weeks) - task is to survive
  2. Embryonic stage (3-8 weeks) - task is to diversify
  3. Fetal stage (9-40 weeks) - task is to grow
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3
Q

zygote

A

the fertilized ovum that embeds itself in the uterine wall, contains two halves of chromosomes from the father and mother’s sex cells

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4
Q

zygote cleavage

A

the cells in the zygote multiplying and differentiating to form organs that protect it

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5
Q

amniotic sac

A

fluid-filled reservoir wherein the embryo lives and acts as a cushion against outside pressure and as a temperature regulator

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6
Q

placenta

A

an organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the embryo and mother while filtering out harmful material

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7
Q

umbilical cord

A

directly links the embryo to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus

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8
Q

embryotic stage

A

when zygote attaches to uterus, major external and internal organs start forming

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9
Q

fetal stage

A

all major aspects of the baby are formed to increase its weight and to allow it to move, taste, and hear

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10
Q

fear paralysis reflex

A

protective mechanism that allows response to perceived threats

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11
Q

mono

A

instant arousal of survival systems

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12
Q

rooting reflexes

A

assist baby to find food (breastfeeding)

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13
Q

Palmar reflex

A

assists a baby’s grasp development

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14
Q

asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

assists baby thru birth canal and to develop cross-pattern movements

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15
Q

symmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

preparation for crawling

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16
Q

tonic labrynthine effect

A

head management and postural stability

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17
Q

spinal gaiant reflex

A

asissts baby with birth process, crawling, and creeping

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18
Q

Henry Harlow

A

conducted a study on attachment using a baby monkey, a place for food, and a terrycloth that simulated a parent monkey, finding that the baby spent more time with the “parent”

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19
Q

John Bowlby

A

proposed the attachment theory, which argues that separation from caregivers is distressing and leads to incomplete, harmful development

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20
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

did an experiment called the “strange situation” in which a parent would leave the child with a stranger to assess its response

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21
Q

Ainsworth’s 4 attachment styles

A
  • secure
  • insecure-avoidant
  • insecure-ambivalent
  • insecure-disorganized
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22
Q

secure attachment style

A

caregiver is able to react quickly and positively to child’s needs; child is distressed when caregiver leaves, happy when they return, and seek comfort from them when distressed

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23
Q

insecure-avoidant attachment style

A

caregiver is unresponsive, uncaring, and dismissing; child shows no distress when caregiver leaves, happy when they return, and doesn’t seek contact with them

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24
Q

insecure-ambivalent attachment style

A

caregiver responds inconsistently; child is distressed when caregiver leaves but isn’t comforted by their return and may be aggressive in contact

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25
Q

insecure-disorganized attachment style

A

caregiver is abusive or neglectful and responds in frightening/frightened ways; child shows no attachment behaviour and often appears confused and apprehensive in caregiver’s presence

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26
Q

Waters et al.

A

did a longitudinal study on attachment styles, finding that they are stable and those with secure styles become insecure after trauma and loss

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27
Q

self-concept

A

one of the most important milestones in a child’s social development is learning about their own existence

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28
Q

mirror test

A

put a dot on the mirror and the infant either tries to wipe the dot off themselves or the mirror

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29
Q

Jean Piaget

A

most important contribution was to understanding cognitive development and the idea that it occurs in distinct stages that happen sequentially, in a way that allows the child to think about the world using new capacities

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30
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A
  • sensorimotor (0-2)
  • preoperational (2-7)
  • concrete operational (7-11)
  • formal operations (above 11)
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31
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

coordination of senses with motor responses, sensory curiosity, language use for demands and cataloguing, object permanence is developed

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32
Q

preoperational stage

A

symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to express concepts, imagination and intuition are strong but complex, abstract thoughts are still difficult, conservation is developed

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33
Q

concrete operational stage

A

concepts attached to time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied but not as independent concepts

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34
Q

conservation

A

the understanding that changes in the form of an object don’t necessarily mean changes in quantity

35
Q

formal operational stage

A

theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking, abstract logic and meaning, strategy and planning become possible, concepts learned in 1 context can be applied. toanother

36
Q

Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development

A
  • infant (0-18 months): trust vs mistrust
  • toddler (18 months-3 years): autonomy vs shame
  • pre-schooler (3-5): initiative vs guilt
  • grade-schooler (5-13): industry vs inferiority
  • teenager (13-21): identity vs role confusion
  • young adult (21-39): intimacy vs isolation
  • middle-age adult (40-65): generativity vs stagnation
  • older adult (beyond 65): integrity vs despair
37
Q

Jeffrey Arnett

A

coined the term “emerging adulthood” to refer to how, in the early 20s, you have the freedoms of adulthood but few responsibilities

38
Q

5 characteristics of emerging adulthood

A
  • the age of identity exploration
  • the age of instability
  • the age of self-focus
  • the age of feeling in-between
  • the age of possibilities
39
Q

puberty

A

one of the largest qualitative changes we go thru

40
Q

gonads

A

major sources of sex hormones called estrogens and androgens

41
Q

David Elkind

A

self-consciousness reflects having an imaginary audience, wherein we become critical of ourselves

42
Q

metacognition/reflective abstraction

A

adolescents can think about their thinking, which Piaget argues is a part of adolescent self-consciousness

43
Q

identity crisis

A

an adolescent’s response to the tension between the need to explore what’s unique about oneself and the wish to become someone who’ll get respect and validation from family, friends, and peers

44
Q

William Carey

A

argued that university students have a set of beliefs that get challenged by diff ideas

45
Q

Erik Erickson

A

argued that in mid-to-late adolescence, the developmental task is figuring out who you are, what relationships you want, what your values are, etc.

46
Q

psychosocial moratorium

A

a period in which adolescents are given a degree of freedom to explore their impulses, talents, social roles, and beliefs without fear that minor offenses against convention will result in dramatic consequences

47
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

famous for his work on moral development

48
Q

Kohlberg’s levels of moral development

A
  • preconventional level
  • conventional level
  • postconventional autonomous or principled
49
Q

preconventional level

A

defined by what’s punishable and rewarded; stage 1 is punishment-obedience orientation; stage 2 is instrumental relativist orientation

50
Q

conventional level

A

defined by the standards of others, which one follows to gain approval, and others’ POVs become important; stage 3 is interpersonal concordance orientation (good boy/girl); stage 4 is authority and social-order maintaining orientation

51
Q

postconventional level

A

stage 5 is social-contract legalistic orientation; stage 6 is universal ethical principle orientation

52
Q

Heinz dilemma

A

Heinz has a wife who will die without a cure, for which a pharmacist is not willing to lower the price, so Heinz steals the cure

53
Q

stages of adulthood

A
  • early adulthood (25-45)
  • middle adulthood (45-65)
  • late adulthood (65 beyond)
54
Q

early adulthood

A

a highly productive period, when ppl get into long-term relationships, start jobs, and have families

55
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

best kknown for his research on intelligence, love, creativity, and cognitive styles; developed the triangular theory of love

56
Q

triangular theory of love

A

infatuation (passion) and empty love (commitment) are the bottom two, while liking (intimacy) is the peak; romantic love comes from liking and infatuation; fatuous love comes from infatuation and empty love; companionate love comes from liking and empty love; consummate love has all three

57
Q

John Gottman

A

developed. thesound relationship house to focus on what keeps romantic relationships healthy

58
Q

sound relationship house

A

the two foundational pillars are trust and commitment and within the house, there are floors upon which the couple is encouraged to create shared meaning, make dreams come true, manage conflicts, have positive perspectives, toward towards each other, share fondness, and build love maps

59
Q

Sue Johnson

A

developed emotionally focused couples counselling, wherein she emphasizes ‘turning towards’ and the attachment bond in couples; this helps couples build strong, healthy relationships by exploring and changing emotional dynamics to enhance mutual understanding and success

60
Q

Robert LaVine

A

studied parenting and child development across the global, finding that families in every society have 3 basic goals: survival, teaching skills and attitudes, and encouraging social values

61
Q

Diona Baumrind

A

developed the idea of parenting dimensions/styles based on the existence of rules, enforcement and displays of love

62
Q

Baumrind’s 4 parenting styles

A
  • responsive -> authoritative vs indulgent
  • unresponsive -> authoritarian vs indifferent
63
Q

authoritative parenting

A

balance of rules and love, consistently shows favourable outcomes like better academic performance, self-esteem, less anxiety and stress,

64
Q

indulgent parenting

A

no/limited rules, tend to encourage immaturity and irresponsibility, and are more susceptible to outside influences

65
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

more dependent and passive, less self-assured, and have weak self-esteem and communication skills

66
Q

indifferent parenting

A

show little interest in school or work and are more likely to be involved in delinquency, substance abuse, and early sexual activity

67
Q

Michael Claes

A

conducted a study that compared parenting styles in Canada, France, and Italy, finding that Canadians had the fewest rules and discipline

68
Q

social clock

A

refers to the culturally preferred ‘right time’ for major life events, such as moving out, getting married, and having kids

69
Q

Karen Fingerman et al.

A

found that middle-aged parents give emotional support several times a year for their children

70
Q

Kennedy, Mather, and Carstensen

A

found that ppl’s memories become more positive with age

71
Q

Myers and Diener

A

found that older adults tend to speak more positively about their lives, particularly about their relationships with others

72
Q

Wang’s 7 things that help retirement

A
  • continue to work part-time to ease into retirement
  • plan for retirement
  • retire with someone and follow a plan together
  • have a happy marriage
  • take care of physical and financial health
  • retire early from a stressful job
  • retire ‘on time’
73
Q

Schaei and WIllies

A

conducted a longitudinal study on adult cognition, finding that older adults have slower processing speed, word-finding, and attention span and that older adults have huge funds of knowledge

74
Q

fluid knowledge

A

problem-solving, peaks in 20s

75
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

knowledge about the world

76
Q

dementia

A

loss of cognitive functioning (thinking, remembering, reasoning) to such an extent that it interferes with a person’s lifee

77
Q

two main types of dementia

A
  • Alzheimer’s
  • vascular dementia
78
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

the most common dementia, ppl gradually struggle with memory, disorientation, and reasoning as plaques and tangles cause damage to neurons

79
Q

vascular dementia

A

damage to blood vessels can cause damage to the brain and can be in steps; problem-solving and processing speed can be more affected than memory

80
Q

early signs of dementia

A
  • memory loss
  • problem-solving (tasks may be more difficult)
  • disorientation
  • social withdrawal
  • personality changes
81
Q

Levy, Slade, Kunkai, and Kasl

A

found that the elderly with positive perceptions of aging also lived longer

82
Q

Nemmers

A

found that ppl who believe the elderly to be weak, vulnerable, and grumpy often act accordingly

83
Q

Elisabeth Lubler-Ross’s 5 stages of grief

A
  1. Denial
  2. Anger
  3. Bargaining
  4. Depression
  5. Acceptance
84
Q
A

PSY 121 (14 decks)

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