Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 121 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

Psychological Science & Research

1
Q

basic research

A

answers fundamental questions about behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

applied research

A

investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

research design

A

specific method a researcher uses to collect, analyze, and interpret data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 major types of research designs

A
  • descriptive research
  • correlational research
  • experimental research
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

empiricism

A

based on systematic collection and analysis of data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

scientific method

A

set of assumptions, rules, and procedures scientists use to conduct research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

objectivity

A

free from personal bias or emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

replication

A

repeating, adding to, or modifying previous findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

laws

A

principles that are general to apply to all situations in a given domain of inquiry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

theory

A

an integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many observed relationships within a given domain of inquiry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 characteristics of good theories

A
  • general - summarize many diff outcomes
  • parsimonious - provide the simplest possible account of those outcomes
  • inspiring - provide ideas for future research
  • falsifiable - variables of interest can be measured and the relationships between the variables predicted by the theory can be shown thru research to be incorrect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

research hypothesis

A

specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between or among variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

variable

A

any attribute that can assume diff values among diff ppl or across diff times or places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

conceptual variables

A

abstract ideas that form the basis of research hypotheses, can be simple or complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

measured variables

A

variables consisting of numbers that represent the conceptual variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

studied obedience to authority by administering electric shocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

deception

A

occurs whenever research participants are not completely fully informed about the nature of the project before participating in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ethics

A

branch of philosophy that’s concerned with morality, refers to a set of principles and practices that provide moral guidance in a field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

confederate

A

helper who pretends to be a participant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 general moral principles of scientific research

A
  • weighing risks against and benefits
  • acting responsibly with integrity
  • seeking justice
  • respecting rights and dignity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

some elements of respecting rights and dignity

A
  • autonomy
  • informed consent
  • privacy
  • confidentiality
  • anonymity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nuremberg Code

A

set of 10 principles written in 1947 in conjunction with the trials of Nazi physicians accused of cruel research on concentration camp prisoners, clarified importance of weighing risks and benefits and need for informed consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Declaration of Helsinki

A

ethics code created by the World Medical Council in 1964, highlighted written protocols reviewed by a committee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Belmont report

A

set of US federal guidelines in 1978, recognized the principles of seeking justice, distributing risks and benefits fairly, recognizing respect for persons, and beneficence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects

A

applies to research conducted, supported, or regulated by the federal gov’t, involves an ethical review board responsible for reviewing protocols for problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3 levels of risk

A
  • exempt research (regulations don’t apply)
  • minimal risk research (exposes particiapnts to risks that are no greater than those in daily life)
  • at-risk research (poses greater than minimal risk)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

APA Ethics Code

A

published in 1953 and includes 150 specific ethical standards that psychologists and students are expected to follow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

debriefing

A

process of informing participants of the purpose of the study, revealing any deception, and correcting other misconceptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

pre-screening procedure

A

identifies and eliminates participants who are at high risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

descriptive research

A

provides a snapshot of current state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

correlational research

A

discovers relationships among variables and allows prediction of future events from present knowledge

32
Q

experimental research

A

assesses the causal impact of one or more experimental manipulations on a dependent variable

33
Q

3 types of descriptive research

A
  • case studies - descriptive records of an individual or groups’ experiences and behaviours
  • survey - measure to get a picture of the beliefs of behaviours of a sample of ppl of interest
  • naturalistic observation - observing everyday events
34
Q

sample

A

ppl chosen to participate in research that is representative of all the ppl the researcher wishes to know about (population)

35
Q

incidence

A

the prevalence of smth

36
Q

descriptive statistics

A

numbers that summarize the distribution of scores on a measured variable

37
Q

normal distribution

A

data distribution shaped like a bell

38
Q

central tendency

A

the point in the distribution around which the data are centred

39
Q

mean

A

most common measure of central tendency

40
Q

outliers

A

extreme scores at either end of distribution

41
Q

median

A

score in the centre of distribution

42
Q

mode

A

value that occurs most frequently

43
Q

dispersion

A

refers to the extent to which the scores are all tightly clustered or spread out

44
Q

maximum

A

largest value of variable

45
Q

minimum

A

smallest value of variable

46
Q

range

A

refers to parameters of the values

47
Q

standard deviation

A

common measure of dispersion

48
Q

scatter plot

A

visual image of the relationship between two variables

49
Q

linear relationship

A

when an association between the variables can be approximated with a straight line

50
Q

positive linear

A

when straight line indicates that individuals who have above-average values for one variable also tend to have above average values for the other

51
Q

negative linear

A

when above average values for one variable tend to be associate with below-average values for the other

52
Q

nonlinear relationship

A

relationships that can’t be described with a straight line

53
Q

curvilinear relationship

A

change in direction that can’t be described with a straight line

54
Q

Pearson correlation coefficient

A

most common measure of the strength of linear relationships

55
Q

multiple regression

A

statistical technique based on correlation coefficients among variables that allows predicting a single outcome variable from more than one predictor variable

56
Q

common-causal variable (third variable)

A

a variable that isn’t part of the hypothesis but causes both the predictor and outcome variables, thus producing the observed correlation

57
Q

spurious relationship

A

relationship in which a common-causal variable produces and explains the relationship

58
Q

independent variable

A

causing variable that is created and manipulated

59
Q

dependent variable

A

measured variable that’s expected to be influenced by the manipulation

60
Q

random assignment to conditions

A

the condition that each participant is assigned to is determined thru random process

61
Q

valid

A

conclusions are legitimate

62
Q

reliability

A

refers to consistency of a measured variable

63
Q

threats to validity

A
  • construct validity (false claim that measured variables measure the variables of interest)
  • statistical validity (conclusions may be incorrect bc of absence or incorrect interpretation of statistical tests)
  • internal validity (false claim that the independent variable caused the dependent variable)
  • external validity (false claim that the results are general, whereas the effects may only be found under limited conditions or for specific ppl)
64
Q

construct validity

A

the extent to which the measures used adequately assess the conceptual variables they were designed to

65
Q

statistical significance

A

refers to the confidence with which a scientist can conclude that data are not due to chance or error

66
Q

statistical conclusion validity

A

the extent to which we can be certain that the researcher has drawn accurate conclusions about the statistical significance of the research

67
Q

internal validity

A

the extent to which we can trust the conclusions that have been drawn about the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables

68
Q

confounding variables

A

variables other than the independent variable on which participants in one experimental condition differ systematically from those in other conditions

69
Q

experimenter bias

A

a situation in which the experimenter treats the participants in various conditions differently, resulting in an invalid confirmation of hypothesis

70
Q

blind to condition

A

experimenters don’t know which conditions the participants are assigned to

71
Q

double-blind experiment

A

both the researcher and participants are blind to condition

72
Q

external validity

A

refers to the extent to which the results of a research design can be generalized beyond the specific way the original experiment was conducted

73
Q

generalization

A

the extent to which relationships among variables can be demonstrated in a wide variety of ppl and manipulated variables

74
Q

limiting condition

A

if results are diff across various groups

75
Q

meta-analysis

A

statistical technique that uses the results of existing studies to integrate and draw conclusions about those studies

76
Q

exact/direct replication

A

scientists attempt to exactly recreate the scientific methods used in conditions of an earlier study to determine whether the results are the same

77
Q

conceptual replication

A

occurs when a scientist tries to confirm previous findings using a diff set of methods to offer insight about how generalizable the findings are

PSY 121 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions