Chapter 1

Question 1

research psychologists

Answer 1

use scientific methods to create new knowledge about the causes of behaviour

Question 2

psychologist-practitioners

Answer 2

use existing research to enhance the everyday lives of others

Question 3

data

Answer 3

any info collected thru formal observation or measurement

Question 4

hindsight bias

Answer 4

the tendency to think that we could have predicted smth that has already occurred that we probably couldn’t have been able to predict

Question 5

empirical methods

Answer 5

include the processes of collecting and organizing data and drawing conclusions about those data

Question 6

scientific method

Answer 6

set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical research

Question 7

values

Answer 7

personal statements

Question 8

facts

Answer 8

objective statements determined to be accurate thru empirical study

Question 9

levels of explanation

Answer 9

perspectives used to understand behaviour; lower levels are tied to biological influences, middle to abilities and characteristics of individuals, highest to social groups, organizations, and cultures

Question 10

individual differences

Answer 10

variations among ppl on physical or psychological dimensions

Question 11

the most important questions in psych

Answer 11

• nature vs nurture
• free will vs determinism
• accuracy vs inaccuracy
• conscious vs unconscious processing
• differences vs similarities

Question 12

heritability of the characteristic

Answer 12

proportion of the observed differences of characteristics among ppl that’s due to genetics

Question 13

Plato

Answer 13

argued on the nature side that certain kinds of knowledge are innate

Question 14

Aristotle

Answer 14

argued on the nurture side, believing that each child is born an empty slate and that knowledge is acquired

Question 15

René Descartes

Answer 15

considered the issue of free will, arguing in its favour, believed in innate natural abilities, introduced the principle of dualism

Question 16

principle of dualism

Answer 16

the mind is fundamentally diff from the mechanical body

Question 17

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 17

began the field of structuralism, whose goal was to create a periodic table of elements of sensation

Question 18

structuralism

Answer 18

school of psych whose goal was to identify the basic elements or structures of psychological experience, used introspection

Question 19

introspection

Answer 19

asking participants to describe what they experience as they work on mental tasks

Question 20

Edward Bradford Titchener

Answer 20

Wundt’s student that identified over 40k sensations, marking the beginning of psych as a science that demonstrated that mental events could be quantified

Question 21

William James

Answer 21

founded the school of functionalism

Question 22

functionalism

Answer 22

aims to understand why animals and humans have developed particular psychological aspects, influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection

Question 23

natural selection

Answer 23

physical characteristics evolved bc they were useful or functional

Question 24

evolutionary psychology

Answer 24

born from functionalism, it applies the Darwinian theory to human and animal behaviour, operating on the assumption that many human psychological systems serve key adaptive functions

Question 25

fitness

Answer 25

extent to which having a given characteristic helps the individual survive and reproduce at a higher rate than members without it; fitter organisms pass on genes more successfully

Question 26

psychodynamic psychology

Answer 26

founded by Sigmund Freud as an approach to understanding human behaviour that focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 27

psychoanalysis

Answer 27

process of talk therapy and dream analysis that reveals these explorations

Question 28

behaviourism

Answer 28

school of psych based on the premise that it’s not possible to objectively study the mind, therefore psychologists should focus their attention to studying behaviour; argues that the human mind is a black box into which stimuli are sent and from which responses are received

Question 29

John B Watson

Answer 29

first behaviourist, influenced by Ivan Pavlov

Question 30

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 30

discovered that dogs would salivate at the sound of a tone that was associated with food due to conditioning

Question 31

Burrhus Frederick Skinner

Answer 31

expanded the principles of behaviourism by using the ideas of stimulus and response to train animals

Question 32

cognitive psychology

Answer 32

field that studies mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgement

Question 33

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 33

studied the ability of ppl to remember lists of words under diff conditions

Question 34

Sir Frederic Bartlett

Answer 34

studied the cognitive and social processes of remembering

Question 35

Jean Piaget

Answer 35

introduced the idea that our memory is influenced by what we already know in the cognitive-developmental stage model

Question 36

neuroimaging

Answer 36

use of various techniques to provide pics of structure and function of the living brain, used to diagnose brain disease and view info processing

Question 37

social-cultural psychology

Answer 37

study of how social situations and cultures in which ppl find themselves influence thinking and behaviour, concerned with how ppl perceive themselves and others, and how ppl influence each other’s behaviour

Question 38

conformity

Answer 38

process of changing our beliefs and behaviours to be similar to those of the ppl we care about

Question 39

social norms

Answer 39

ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group members and are perceived to be appropriate

Question 40

culture

Answer 40

common set of social norms shared by the ppl who live in a distinct region, thus influencing every aspect of life

Question 41

individualism

Answer 41

valuing the self and one’s independence from others

Question 42

collectivism

Answer 42

focus on developing harmonious social relationships with others

Question 43

paradigm

Answer 43

prevailing model that presents a generally accepted approach to the whole field during a particular era

Question 44

spacing effect

Answer 44

animals and humans more easily remember or learn material when studying in several shorter study periods over a longer period of time, rather than studying at once for a long period of time

Question 45

metacognition

Answer 45

ability to adequately assess our own knowledge