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PSY 121 > Behaviourism & Humanistic Psychology > Flashcards

Behaviourism & Humanistic Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

methodological behaviourism

A

based on studying only what is directly observable (behaviour)

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2
Q

behaviourism is based on 2 types of learning

A
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
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2
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

conducted an experiment with dogs, wherein he conditioned them to associate a bell and to respond to it; developed the idea of classical conditioning

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2
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

performed a classic puzzle box experiment, in which a box filled with animals was used to test how they’d learn to escape via operating a lever; developed the idea of operational conditioning

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2
Q

Thorndike’s laws of operant conditioning

A
  • learning is incremental
  • learning occurs automatically
  • all animals learn the same way
  • law of effect
  • law of use
  • law of disuse
  • law of recency
  • multiple response
  • set/attitude
  • prepotency of elements
  • response by analogy
  • identical elements theory of transfer
  • associative shifting
  • law of readiness
  • identifiability
  • availability
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2
Q

operant conditioning

A

based on how an organism tends to repeat behaviours it’s rewarded for

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3
Q

law of disuse

A

the longer an association is unused, the weaker it is

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3
Q

law of effect

A

if an association is followed by satisfaction, it will be strengthened; if followed by annoyance, it will be weakened

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3
Q

law of use

A

the more an association is used, the stronger it is

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3
Q

law of recency

A

the most recent response is likely to occur

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3
Q

response by analogy

A

responses from a related or similar context may be used in a new one

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3
Q

multiple responses

A

animals try diff responses (trial and error) if the first doesn’t lead to a specific state of affairs

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3
Q

set/attitude

A

animals are predisposed to act in a specific way

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3
Q

prepotency of elements

A

subject can filter out irrelevant aspects of a problem and focus on and respond to significant elements

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3
Q

identical elements theory of transfer

A

the more similar situations are, the greater the amount of info that will transfer; if situations have no commonalities, info learned in one won’t be valuable in the other

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3
Q

associative shifting

A

it’s possible to shift any response from occurring with 1 stimulus to occurring with another

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3
Q

law of readiness

A

quality in responses and connections that results in readiness to act; behavior and learning are influenced by (un)readiness and its strength

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4
Q

identifiability

A

identification/placement of a situation is the first response of the nervous system, which can recognize it; connections can be made to each other or to another response, and these depend on original identification

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5
Q

availability

A

ease of getting a specific response

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6
Q

John B Watson

A

coined “behaviourism” and believed that psych should be a natural, empirical science with no place for introspection

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7
Q

Little Albert experiment

A

one of Watson’s unethical experiments, wherein he classically conditioned a child to be scared of rats and animals

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8
Q

2 big ideas related to free will

A
  • inherent tendencies: much of who you are is already based on genetic and biological tendencies (Watson didn’t believe in this, arguing instead that we were blank slates)
  • environmental influences: we are affected by our env
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9
Q

Burrhus F. Skinner

A

associated with the Skinner box, which investigated operant conditioning wherein ppl learn to repeatedly perform or not perform a behaviour based on the response to it; operant conditioning also studies how an organism operates on its env

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10
Q

key terms in Skinner’s theory

A
  • reinforcement
  • punishment
  • positive / negative reinforcement
  • positive / negative punishment
  • escape
  • active avoidance
11
Q

reinforcement

A

increases behaviour

12
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adds a stimulus

13
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removes a stimulus

14
Q

escape

A

removes noxious stimuli

15
Q

active avoidance

A

avoids noxious stimuli

16
Q

punishment

A

decreases behaviour

17
Q

positive punishment

A

adds noxious stimuli

18
Q

negative punishment

A

removes a good stimulus

19
Q

Skinner’s idea of a world that reinforces best behaviours

A

encouraged looking at social determinants of behaviour and argued that we admire those who succeed despite bad environments, bc their environmental controls are less conspicuous/conscious

20
Q

dignity

A

extent to which you take credit for success and blame for failures

21
Q

soft determinists

A

believe that only some things are under our control

22
Q

Albert Bandura

A

argued that we seem to choose our goals and the ppl we surround ourselves with, but that we don’t choose our genes or the env we’re born into

23
Q

gamification

A

adding of badges, prompts, and competition to natural behaviours

24
Q

humanistic psychology

A

emerged as the 3rd force after psychodynamic psych and behaviourism, holds an optimistic view of humanity of its substantial capacity to be self-determining, strives ot enhace quality of choice, creativity, interaction of body, mind, and spirit, and capacity to become more aware, free, responsible, and self-directing

25
Q

key leaders of humanistic psych

A
  • Carl Rogers
  • Rollo May
  • Abraham Maslow
  • Fritz Perls
26
Q

Carl Rogers

A

one of the first to discuss client-centred (collaborative) care that focuses on a collaborative relationship with clients to create the Rochester experience (assuming they are the expert of their own lives and can explain their thoughts and behaviours)

27
Q

3 major aspects of Rogers’s work

A
  • method of counselling
  • theory of personality
  • ideas of the good life
28
Q

Rogers’s theory of counselling

A
  • there are necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change that leads to understanding solutions
  • congruence - therapist is authentic and not putting on a façade
  • unconditional positive regard - deep, genuine caring for the client
  • empathy - sensitively and accurately understanding the client’s experiences
29
Q

6 conditions for personality change

A
  • 2 persons are in psychological contact
  • the client is experiencing incongruency
  • the therapist is congruent and integrated in the relationship
  • therapist experiences UPR for the client
  • therapist experiences empathy for the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client
  • communication to the client is achieved to a minimal degree
30
Q

Rogers’s theory of personality

A
  • organized and consistent
  • prone to environmental influences
  • causes behaviours and reactions to others
  • patterns of thoughts, behaviours, and feelings that make you unique
31
Q

Rogers’s conception of the good life

A
  • growing openness to experience (moving away from defensiveness)
  • increasingly existential lifestyle (living each moment fully)
  • freedom of choice (not being restricted by incongruence and ability to make a wide range of choices to feel responsible for own behaviour)
  • higher levels of creativity
  • reliability and constructiveness (experiencing joy, pain, love, heartbreak, etc. more intensely)
32
Q

important terms in Rogers’s theory

A
  • phenomenology
  • authenticity
  • self-actualization
33
Q

phenomenology

A

seeking to understand the outside world as it’s interpreted by and thru human consciousness. one of the ways distress occurs is when there’s a difference between who we think we are, who we are, and who we’d like to be (incongruence between the ideal self, self-image, and true self)

34
Q

phenomenal field

A

space of perceptions that’s constructed by our outer world experiences as filtered thru our personal needs, goals, and beliefs

35
Q

authenticity

A

ideal self is based both on subliminal messages perpetuated by society and listening to ourselves; all of us have a personality and a desire to honour that personality but what we get rewarded for (conditions for worth) often conflict with who we authentically are (organismic valuing process) which creates distress

36
Q

self-actualization

A

to fulfill one’s full potential and achieve the highest level of ‘human-beingness’ possible; Rogers believed that the 2 based human needs are self-actualization and positive regard (UPR leads to self-actualization, whereas conditional PR leads to self-discrepancies)

37
Q

Rollo May

A

influenced by Kierkegaard’s philosophy that it’s thru facing anxiety that freedom is achieved, distinguished between normal and neurotic anxiety (over-responding to a threat), developed existential therapy

38
Q

existential therapy

A

focuses on our freedom to choose the life we want and overcome anxiety about death and things we can’t control, emphasizes present choices and future situations to enable a new freedom and responsibility to act; by accepting limitations and mortality, we can overcome anxiety and view life as moments in which we’re fundamentally free

39
Q

Fritz Perls

A

developed gestalt therapy

40
Q

gestalt therapy

A

form of psychotherapy centred on increasing a person’s awareness, freedom, and self-direction, focuses on the present instead of past experiences, utilizes active techniques like client roleplay , creative arts to go beyond fixing a problem and become more aware of who you are

41
Q

other gestalt techniques and their users

A
  • Mary Whitehouse - movement
  • Janine Rhyne - art
  • Gendin - assessed where stress resided in clients’ bodies
42
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

established the hierarchy of needs, travelled to Calgary and found that extremely high levels of ‘cooperation, minimal inequality, restorative justice, full bellies,…and life satisfaction’ amongst the Blackfoot nation

43
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

categorized human needs in a pyramid form

44
Q

deficiency needs

A

the bottom 4 levels of Maslow’s pyramid (esteem, love and belonging, safety, and physiological needs) that don’t have significant effects when satiated

45
Q

growth need

A

self-actualization to be all you can be, when satiated, this results in feelings of joy or contribution, only a small minority of ppl can do so bc it requires uncommon qualities like honesty, independence, objectivity, etc.

PSY 121 (14 decks)

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