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STEP 1 Review > Embryology and Reproductive Anatomy Review > Flashcards

Embryology and Reproductive Anatomy Review Flashcards

1
Q

Sonic Hedgehog Gene

A

Produced at the bottom of extending limb buds. Causes AP axis patterning. Involved in CNS development. Mutation can cause holoprosencephaly.

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2
Q

WNT-7

A

Produced at the edge of the extending limb buds. Causes dorsoventral patterning.

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3
Q

FGF

A

Produced at the apical ectodermal ridge. Stimulates mitosis of underlying endoderm which causes lengthening of limbs. FGF3 is mutated in achondroplasia.

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4
Q

HOX genes

A

Cause segmental patterning in a craniocaudal direction. Code for DNA binding proteins. Hox mutations cause appendages in the wrong locations, syndactyly.

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5
Q

Why is vitamin A teratogenic?

A

Because it interferes with Hox signaling

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6
Q

When does HCG secretion begin?

A

Around week 1, when the morula becomes a blastocyst.

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7
Q

What happens week 2 of development

A

Bilaminar disk with epiblast and hypoblast, 2 cavities, 2 types of placental tissue (cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast).

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8
Q

What happens week 3?

A

Trilaminar disk (primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm, and neuralplate begin to form). Neurulation and gastrulation occur.

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9
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

Weeks 3-8, most vital to development. Terratogens here cause serious problems. Neural tube closes by week 4. Organogenesis happens in this time.

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10
Q

What happens in week 4?

A

Heart begins to beat, limbs begin to form. Heart beat is visible in week 6.

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11
Q

What happens by week 10?

A

Genitalia are distinguishable as male/female. Can identify gender at week 10.

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12
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process that forms the trilaminar disc, this establishes the ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm. Epiblast invaginates to form the primitive streak.

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13
Q

What structure of the egg prevents implantation?

A

Zona pellucida. When it is dissolved by acrosomal enzymes the egg can implant.

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14
Q

Components of surface ectoderm

A

Adenohypophysis from rathke’s pouch, lens, oral cavity, sensory organs of ear, olfactory epithelium, anal canal below the pectinate line.

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15
Q

Components of neuroectoderm

A

Brain, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland, retina and optic nerve, spinal cord.

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16
Q

Components of neural crest

A

PNS – schwann cells, dorsal root ganglia, celiac ganglion, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, C cells of thyroid, pia and arachnoid, bones of skull

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17
Q

Mesodermal components

A

Bone, muscle, connective tissue, peritoneum, SPLEEN, lymphatics, blood, vagina, kidneys, adrenal cortex, dermis, testes, ovaries.

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18
Q

Endodermal components

A

Gut tube epithelium (including anus above pectinate line), most of urethra, lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, eustacian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells.

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19
Q

Agenesis

A

Absent organ development due to lack of primordial tissue

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20
Q

Aplasia

A

Absent organ development despite presence of primordial tissue

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21
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Incomplete organ development

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22
Q

Deformation

A

Extrinsic force stops development (twins)

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23
Q

Disruption

A

Breakdown of a previously normal tissue (amniotic band syndrome)

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24
Q

Malformation

A

Intrinsic disruption during the embryonic period

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25
Sequence
Abnormalities due to a single etiology. Potter sequence is renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia.
26
ACE inhibitor terratogen effect
Renal damage
27
Alkylating agents
Absence of digits and more
28
Aminoglycosides
Cause ototoxicity (CN VIII)
29
Carbamazepine
Neural tube defects, craniofacial defects,
30
DES
Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, mullerian anomalies
31
Lithium
Ebstein Abnormaility
32
Methimazole
Aplasia cutis congenita (no skin)
33
Phenytoin
Fetal hydantoin syndrome: microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails, cardiac defects.
34
Tetracyclines
Discolored teeth
35
Thalidomide
Dolphin limbs
36
Valproate
Neural tube defects due to decreased folate absorption
37
Warfarin
Causes fetal hemorrhage. Use heparin instead which does not cross the placenta.
38
Alcohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome with classic appearance. One of the leading causes of congenital abnormailities.
39
Cocaine
Can cause placenta abruptio
40
Smoking
Can cause low birth weight
41
Lack or excess iodine
Can cause goiter or hypothyroidism (cretinism).
42
Maternal Diabetes
big babies, TGA, Caudal regression syndrome-- syrenomyelia or anal atresia.
43
Vitamin A excess
Extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions and lots of birth defects
44
X-rays
Microcephaly and intellectual disability.
45
Dizygotic twins chorion and amnion #
2 chorions 2 amnions (due to 2 eggs 2 sperm)
46
Monozygotic twins chorion and amnion #
If split between 0-3 days, 2 chorions 2 amnions (25%) If split between 3-6 days, 1 chorion (1 placenta) 2 amnions (75%) If split after 6 days, 1 chorion, 1 amnion or conjoined.
47
Cytotrophoblasts and syncitiotrophoblasts
Cytotrophoblasts are the inner layer of chorionic villi that make syncitiotrophoblasts. Syncitiotrophoblasts secrete HCG to stimulate corpus luteum to make progesterone during the first trimester.
48
Decidua basalis
The maternal part of the placenta. Maternal blood in lacunae that bathe chorionic villi.
49
Components of umbilical cord
2 umbilical arteries (become medial ligaments) 1 umbilical vein (drains into IVC, becomes falciform ligament) Wharton's Jelly Derived from allantois
50
Urachus
In the third week, yolk sac -> allantois ->urachus. Duct between fetal bladder and yolk sac. Failure to close results in patent urachus with urine discharge from umbilicus, urachal cyst which is a fluid filled cavity. Can lead to infection and adenocarcinoma. Vesiculourachal diverticulum - outpouching of bladder. BECOMES MEDIAN LIGAMENT.
51
Vitelline Duct
Connects yolk sac to midgut lumen failure to close can cause vitelline fistula where meconium comes out of umbilicus and meckel diverticulum.
52
1st aortic arch derivatives
Maxillary artery from external carotid. This is important because MMA is from maxillary artery.
53
2nd aortic arch derivatives
Stapedial artery and hyoid artery
54
3rd aortic arch derivatives
Common carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid
55
4th aortic arch derivatives
Right is right subclavian (right recurrent laryngeal loops here), left is part of left aortic arch. 5th arch regresses.
56
6th aortic arch derivatives.
Proximal pulmonary arteries and on left is ductus arteriosus Left recurrent laryngeal loops here.
57
Branchial apparatus
Clefts (ectoderm) Arches (mesoderm and neural crest) Grooves (endoderm)
58
1st branchial arch (cartilage, muscle, nerve)
Meckel's cartilage: Mandible, malleus, spheno-mandibular ligament, incus Muscles of mastication: Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoids. Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini Nerves: CN V2 and V3.
59
2nd branchial arch (cartilage, muscle, nerve)
Cartilage - stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid. Muscles of facial expression and stapedius, stylohyoid, platysma. Nerve - CN VII
60
3rd branchial arch (cartilage, muscle, nerve)
Greater horn of hyoid Muscle: stylopharyngeus CN IX
61
4-6th branchial arch (cartilage, muscle, nerve)
Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform 4th: Pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini 6th: All intrinsic muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid. Both CN X.
62
1st branchial pouch
Middle ear, eustacian tube
63
2nd branchial pouch
Tonsils
64
3rd branchial pouch
Dorsal wings-- inferior parathyroids, ventral wings -- thymus
65
4th branchial pouch
Dorsal wings - superior parathyroids
66
DiGeorge syndrome
22q11 causes aberrant development of 3 and 4th pharyngeal pouches. Causes cleft lip/palate, a?, thymic aplasia, conotruncal abnormalities, hypoparathyroidism.
67
Cleft lip
Failure of fusion maxillary and medial nasal processes
68
Cleft palate
Failure of the secondary palate to form. Can cause split uvula. Have different etiologies but often occur together. MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE.
69
Genital tubercle becomes what in males and females
Glans penis/clitoris, Spongiosum and cavernosum
70
Urogenital sinus becomes what in males and females
Becomes upper 1/3 of vagina, vestibular glands of bartholin, skenes glands, and prostate.
71
Urogenital folds become what in males and females
Ventral shaft of penis in males, labia minora in females
72
Labioscrotal swelling becomes what?
Scrotum and labia majora.
73
Hypospadias | Epispadias
Hypospadias is due to poor fusion of the urogenital folds where urethra opens on bottom of penis. Epispadias is due to problem in gential tubercle where opening on top. Bladder extrophy can happen
74
Gubernaculum in males and females
In males it anchors testes, in females becomes the ovarian and round ligaments
75
Processus vaginalis in males and females
Forms tunica vaginalis (indirect hernias), obliterated in females.
76
Gonadal venous drainage?
Left testicle/ovary drains to left gonadal vein, left renal vein, IVC. Right testicle/ovary drains to right gonadal vein, then IVC directly. Varicocele is more common on left due to entering at 90 degrees. Flow is less laminar.
77
Gonadal lymphatic drainage?
Ovaries/testes - paraaortic LNs Distal vagina, vulva strotum - superficial inguinal nodes Proximal vagina/uterus - obturator, external iliac, hypogastric nodes.
78
Infundibulopelvic ligament (aka suspensory ligament of the ovaries)
Connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall. Contails ovarian vessels. Must ligate vessels during ooferectomy to control bleeding.
79
Cardinal ligament
Anchors cervix to the side wall of the pelvis. Contains uterine vessels. Ureter at risk of injury during ligation of uterine vessels in histerectomy.
80
Where does the ureter run?
Posterior to uterine vessels in women and vas deferens in men.
81
Round ligament of the uterus
Connects uterine fundus to labia majora. Derivative of gubernaculum. Travels through round inguinal canal.
82
Broad ligament
Connects uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries to pelvic wall. Consists of mesosalpinx, mesometrium, and mesovarium. Contains ovaries, falliopian tubes, and round ligament.
83
Ovarian ligament
Connects medial pole of ovary to lateral uterus. A derivative of the gubernaculum.
84
Where do the ovarian arteries arise from?
The abdominal aorta.
85
What happens during the excitation phase of the female sexual response cycle?
The uterus rises.
86
Where does maturation of sperm happen? Path of sperm?
Mostly in epididymis, but fully in vagina. SEVEN UP Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas, ejaculatory ducts, nothing, urethra, penis.
87
What nerve controls ejaculation?
Pudendal nerve.
88
Treacher collins syndrome
First arch of the neural crest fails to migrate. Mandibular hypoplasia, other facial abnormalities.

STEP 1 Review (21 decks)

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