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STEP 1 Review > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplastic sequence

A

Normal epithelium
Hyperplasia (cells grow in number)
Dysplasia - abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of shape, size

Carcinoma in situ where neoplastic cells have not invaded basement membrane

Invasive carcinoma starts with a loss of e-cadherin, binding of laminin on basement membrane, invade basement membrane using collagenase and hydrolases. Attach to fibronectin.

Metastasis

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2
Q

Neoplastic sequence

A

Normal epithelium
Hyperplasia (cells grow in number)
Dysplasia - abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of shape, size

Carcinoma in situ where neoplastic cells have not invaded basement membrane

Invasive carcinoma starts with a loss of e-cadherin, binding of laminin on basement membrane, invade basement membrane using collagenase and hydrolases. Attach to fibronectin.

Metastasis

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3
Q

P-glycoprotein

A

Also known as MDR1, expressed by some cancer cells to pump out toxins (like chemotherapy).

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4
Q

How do carcinomas spread?

A

Via lymphatics

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5
Q

How do sarcomas spread?

A

Hematogenously

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6
Q

What carcinomas spread hematogenously?

A

Renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, follicular lymphoma of thyroid, choriocarcinoma

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7
Q

How does ovarian carcinoma spread?

A

Via seeding.

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8
Q

What adaptations do cancer cells have to prevent death?

A

Increased telomerase, FGF, and VEGF.

They can also downregulate MHC 1 to prevent immune surveillance.

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9
Q

What adaptations do cancer cells have to prevent death?

A

Increased telomerase, FGF, and VEGF.

They can also down regulate MHC 1 to prevent immune surveillance.

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10
Q

What adaptations do cancer cells have to prevent death?

A

Increased telomerase, FGF, and VEGF.

They can also down regulate MHC 1 to prevent immune surveillance.

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11
Q

Cachexia

A

Severe wasting due to increased TNFa, interferon gamma, and IL6

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12
Q

Acanthosis nigricans associated with

A

Gastric cancer (and other visceral malignancies)

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13
Q

Actinic keratosis associated with

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin

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14
Q

AIDS associated with

A

Kaposi Sarcoma and NHL

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15
Q

Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, SLE)

A

Marginal Zone lymphoma

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16
Q

Barrett esophagus associated with

A

Adenocarcinoma of esophagus

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17
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric elements

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

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18
Q

Cirrhosis associated with

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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19
Q

Cushing Syndrome associated with

A

Small cell lung cancer

20
Q

Dermatomyositis associated with

A

Lung cancer

21
Q

Down syndrome associated with

A

ALL

22
Q

Dysplastic nevus associated with

A

melanoma

23
Q

Hypercalcemia associated with

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of lung (PTHrP producing)

24
Q

Lambert-Eaton myesthenic syndrome associated with

A

Small cell carcinoma (antibodies against presynaptic ca)

25
Q

Myasthenia gravia, pure RBC aplasia associated with

A

Thymoma

26
Q

Paget disease of bone associated with

A

osteosarcoma/fibrosarcoma

27
Q

Plummer Vinson syndrome associated with

A

squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

28
Q

Polycythemia associated with

A

Renal cell carcinoma/multiple myeloma/hepatocellular carcinoma

29
Q

Radiation exposure associated with

A

Papillary thyroid cancer, leukemia, sarcoma

30
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell lung cancer

31
Q

Tuberous sclerosis

A

Giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma.

32
Q

Ulcerative colitis associated with

A

Colorectal cancer

33
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum

A

Melanoma, basal cell, squamous cell (especially)

34
Q

BCR-ABL

A

Tyrosine Kinase oncogene created from a 9,22 translocation. CML, some ALL in adults

35
Q

BCL-2

A

Anti-apoptotic oncogene that stabilizes mitochondrial membranes to prevent apoptosis. Overexpressed in follicular lymphoma 14,18 translocation

36
Q

BRAF

A

Serine/threonine kinase that regulates map K, implicated in melanoma

37
Q

C-Kit

A

Oncogene associated with GIstromal tumor

38
Q

c-myc

A

Oncogene that is a transcription factor that upregulates cyclins. 8,14 translocation in burkitts lymphoma

39
Q

Her2/neu

A

aka erb EDGF receptor

40
Q

L-myc

A

Oncogene associated with lung cancer

41
Q

N-Myc

A

Oncogene associated with neuroblastoma (in adrenal medulla)

42
Q

Ras

A

GTPase that is mutated in colon/lung/pancreatic cancer. Activates MapK.

43
Q

Ret

A

In mEN2A/2B (medullary carcinoma of the thyroid).

44
Q

PDGF-B

A

Associated with astrocytomas, causes growth factor overexpression.

45
Q

Cyclin D1

A

11,14 translocation in mantle cell lymphoma.

STEP 1 Review (21 decks)

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