Behavioral Science

Question 1

Cross sectional study

Answer 1

Observational study that collects data from a group ofpeople to assess frequency of disease at a particular point in time

Question 2

Case control study

Answer 2

Takes a group of people with a disease and determined what happened.

Uses odds ratio

Question 3

Cohort study

Answer 3

Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such risk factor. Looks to see if exposure increases likelihood of disease.

Uses relative risk

Question 4

Phase I clinical trial

Answer 4

Determines safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics

Question 5

Phase II

Answer 5

Assesses treatment efficacy, optimal dosing, adverse effects

Question 6

Phase III

Answer 6

Is it better? Compares new treatment to standard

Question 7

Phase IV

Answer 7

Can it stay? Detects rare or long term adverse effects

Question 8

Precision

Answer 8

The reliability of a test = absence of random variation. Random error reduces precision.

Question 9

Accuracy

Answer 9

The trueness of a test. Systematic error reduces accuracey

Question 10

Selection bias

Answer 10

Nonrandom assignment to participate in a study group. Randomization is a strategy to reduce this bias

Question 11

Berkson bias

Answer 11

A study looking only at inpatients

Question 12

Loss to follow up

Answer 12

Studying a disease with early mortality

Question 13

Healthy volunteer and worker biases

Answer 13

Study populations are healthier than the general population

Question 14

Recall bias

Answer 14

Awareness of disorder alters recall by subjects. Common in retrospective studies. Decrease time from exposure to follow up to prevent

Question 15

Measurement bias

Answer 15

If info is gathered in a way that distorts it

Question 16

Hawthorne bias

Answer 16

Groups who know they’re being watched behave differently

Question 17

Procedure bias

Answer 17

People in different groups are treated differently

Question 18

Observer-expectancy bias

Answer 18

Researcher’s belief in the efficacy of the treatment changes the outcome.

Question 19

Lead time bias

Answer 19

Early detection is confused with increased survival.

Question 20

Standard error of the mean

Answer 20

An estimation of how much variability exists between the sample mean and the true population mean. SEM goes up as N decreases

Question 21

Null hypothesis

Answer 21

Hypothesis of no difference – no association between the risk factor and disease

Question 22

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 22

Hypothesis of some difference

Question 23

T test

Answer 23

Comparing means of 2 grousp

Question 24

ANOVA

Answer 24

Comparing means of 3 or more groups

Question 25

Chi-square

Answer 25

Comparing difference between percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes.

IE: Percentage of populations who have hypertension.

Question 26

Primary
secondary
tertiary Disease prevention

Answer 26

Prevent
Screen
Treat