Behavioral Science Flashcards
Cross sectional study
Observational study that collects data from a group ofpeople to assess frequency of disease at a particular point in time
Case control study
Takes a group of people with a disease and determined what happened.
Uses odds ratio
Cohort study
Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such risk factor. Looks to see if exposure increases likelihood of disease.
Uses relative risk
Phase I clinical trial
Determines safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics
Phase II
Assesses treatment efficacy, optimal dosing, adverse effects
Phase III
Is it better? Compares new treatment to standard
Phase IV
Can it stay? Detects rare or long term adverse effects
Precision
The reliability of a test = absence of random variation. Random error reduces precision.
Accuracy
The trueness of a test. Systematic error reduces accuracey
Selection bias
Nonrandom assignment to participate in a study group. Randomization is a strategy to reduce this bias
Berkson bias
A study looking only at inpatients
Loss to follow up
Studying a disease with early mortality
Healthy volunteer and worker biases
Study populations are healthier than the general population
Recall bias
Awareness of disorder alters recall by subjects. Common in retrospective studies. Decrease time from exposure to follow up to prevent
Measurement bias
If info is gathered in a way that distorts it
Hawthorne bias
Groups who know they’re being watched behave differently
Procedure bias
People in different groups are treated differently
Observer-expectancy bias
Researcher’s belief in the efficacy of the treatment changes the outcome.
Lead time bias
Early detection is confused with increased survival.
Standard error of the mean
An estimation of how much variability exists between the sample mean and the true population mean. SEM goes up as N decreases
Null hypothesis
Hypothesis of no difference – no association between the risk factor and disease
Alternative hypothesis
Hypothesis of some difference
T test
Comparing means of 2 grousp
ANOVA
Comparing means of 3 or more groups