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Bryx_Electronics > Electronic Circuits > Flashcards

Electronic Circuits Flashcards

1
Q

Process of converting AC to pulsating DC

A

Rectification

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2
Q

Process of removing 1/2 cycle of the input

A

Half wave rectification

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3
Q

Formula for Average(dc) Voltage at the output of a Half Wave Rectifier

A

0.318 Vp
or
Vp / π

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4
Q

Formula for Average(dc) Voltage at the output of a Full Wave Rectifier

A

0.636 Vp
or
2Vp / π

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5
Q

A clipper circuit is also known as a

A

Limiter

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6
Q

Refers to the introduction of a reference signal level

A

Clamping

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7
Q

Clamping is also called

A

DC reinsertion and DC restoration

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8
Q

An electrical circuit that converts AC electrical power from a lower voltage to a higher DC voltage

A

Voltage Multiplication

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9
Q

A Power Supply consists of

A

Transformer, Rectifier, Filter, Regulator, Load

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10
Q

Formula for Induced Voltage in a transformer winding(either primary or secondary) when the core contributes to its voltage

A

V = 4.44 N f ɸ

N - # of turns
ɸ - Max Flux in core (Wb)
f - frequency

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11
Q

Turns Ratio (Formula)

A

a = Ns / Np

a = Vs / Vp

a = sqrt( Zs / Zp)

a = Ip / Is

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12
Q

Copper Loss (Formula)

A

Losses across the Resistances

(I^2)R

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13
Q

Eddy Current Loss (Formula)

A

We = ne (fB)^2

ne - proportionality constant
f - frequency
B - max flux density

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14
Q

Transformer Efficiency (Formula)

A

n = (Pout / Pin) x 100%

Pin = Pout + Ploss

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15
Q

Formula for Vrms of Half Wave

A

0.707 Vm

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16
Q

Formula for Vrms of Full Wave

A

0.707 Vm

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17
Q

Ripple Factor (Formula)

A

r = V(ripple)rms / VaveFW/HW

V(ripple)rms - RMS Ripple Voltage
VaveFW/HW - average output voltage of FW/HW Rectifier, not the Vdc of the ripple

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18
Q

Formula for Voltage Regulation/Load Regulation

A

%VR = (Vnl - Vfl) / Vfl

NO FULL FULL

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19
Q

Converts Pulsating DC to Suitably Smooth DC level

A

Filter

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20
Q

Formula for V(ripple)rms in a C-filter (Formula)

A

V(ripple)rms= Idc / (4√3 * fC)

Idc - DC current
f - frequency
C - Capacitance

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21
Q

Simplest and most economic filter

A

C-filter

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22
Q

Formula for Vdc in RC-filter (Formula)

A

Vdc(load) = (Rload / (Rload + Rrc)) * Vdc(FW/HW)

Rrc - Resistor used in RC filter
Vdc(FW/HW) - Average voltage just after the FW/HW rectifier, serving as the input to the RC filter

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23
Q

Formula for V(ripple)rms in RC-filter (Formula)

A

V(ripple)rms(load) = (Xc / Rrc) * Vrms(FW/HW)

Rrc - Resistor used in RC filter
Vrms(FW/HW) - RMS voltage just after the FW/HW rectifier, serving as the input to the RC filter

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24
Q

Provide Steady DC output

A

Voltage Regulators

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25
Q

Stability Factor (Formula)

A

S = ΔVo / ΔVin

@constant output current

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26
Q

Arrangement of Fixed and Variable resistive elements used to reduce the strength of an RF or AF signal.

A

Attenuator

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27
Q

Another term for an Ideal Source

A

Stiff Source ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

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28
Q

The internal Resistance of an ideal voltage source is ______

A

0 Ohms

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29
Q

The internal Resistance of an ideal Current source is ______

A

Infinity Onms

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30
Q

Parts of a battery

A
  1. ) + terminal
  2. ) - terminal
  3. ) Electrolyte
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31
Q

When the battery is discharging, The (anode/cathode) is positive, and the (anode/cathode) is negative

A

Cathode is Positive

Anode is Negative

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32
Q

What process is involved when a battery discharges?

A

Reverse Electrolysis

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33
Q

Reverse electrolysis involves a ________ reaction into a _______ reaction

A

Chemical Reaction into Electrical Reaction

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34
Q

When the battery is charging, The (anode/cathode) is positive, and the (anode/cathode) is negative

A

Cathode is Negative

Anode is Positive

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35
Q

What process is involved when a battery charges?

A

Electrolysis

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36
Q

Electrolysis involves a ________ reaction into a _______ reaction

A

Electrical Reaction into Chemical Reaction

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37
Q

What chemical process is involved at the Anode when a battery discharges?

A

Oxidation

“NOA” (Negative Oxidation Anode)

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38
Q

What chemical process is involved at the Cathode when a battery discharges?

A

Reduction

“PRC” (Positive Reduction Cathode)

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39
Q

A Property of a battery that defines how long you can supply a constant current A for H hours

A

Ampere-hour (Ah)

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40
Q

THEORY: A circuit can be represented as one voltage source and a resistance in series

A

Thevenin’s Theorem

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41
Q

THEORY: A circuit can be represented as one current source and a resistance in Parallel

A

Norton’s Theorem

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42
Q

The Thevenin’s Resistance and Norton’s Resistance are ________

A

equal

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43
Q

Conversion from Thevenin’s Voltage Source into Norton’s Current Source

A

I(no) = V(th) / R(th)

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44
Q

Conversion from Norton’s Current Source into Thevenin’s Voltage Source

A

V(th) = I(no) R(no)

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45
Q

Steps in Obtaining Thevenin Equivalent / Norton Eqiovalent Circuit (TEC/NEC)

A

1.) TONS
(Thevenin Open Rload, Norton Short Rload)
Get V(th) / I(no)

2.) VSCO
(Voltage Source Short, Current Source Open)
Get R(th) / R(no)

3.) Rebuild Circuit (with V(th)/I(no) and R(th)/R(no))
and replace Rload back into the TEC/NEC circuit

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46
Q

Thevenin’s Resistance is also called ______

A

Looking Back Resistance

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47
Q

Norton’s Resistance is also called ______

A

Looking In Resistance

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48
Q

Formulas for Delta to Wye

A

RY = (Product of RΔ Adjacent to RY) / (Sum of RΔ)

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49
Q

Formulas for Wye to Delta

A

RΔ = [Sum of Products (RY)] / (RY opposite to RΔ)

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50
Q

When Branches that consist of [a Voltage source and a resistance in series], and of these branches are connected in parallel to each other, what Theorem is applicable to obtain the effective voltage across the parallel connection?

A

Millman’s Theorem

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51
Q

Formula for Voltage across a parallel connection of branches consisting of [a Voltage source and a resistance in series] (AKA Millman’s Theorem)

A

V(No Load) = { (E1 / R1) + (E2 / R2) + … } / { (1 / R1) + (1 / R2) + …}

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52
Q

Formula for Resistance across a parallel connection of branches consisting of [a Voltage source and a resistance in series] (AKA Millman’s Theorem)

A

Reff = 1 / { (1 / R1) + (1 / R2) + … }

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53
Q

What do you call the approximation on the resistance of a conductor that assumes it has zero resistance?

A

Ideal Approximation

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54
Q

When Zinc is employed as a component in a battery, it is usually the (Negative/Positive) terminal

A

Negative

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55
Q

When Copper is employed as a component in a battery, it is usually the (Negative/Positive) terminal

A

Positive

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56
Q

A circuit that operates at maximum power transfer has an efficiency of _____%

A

50%

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57
Q

Form Factor of a Sine Wave

A 
FF = Vrms / Vave
FF = 0.707 Vm / 0.636 Vm

FF(sinewave) = 1.1

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58
Q

Technique for Average Value of Voltage of ANY waveform

A

NOTE: ONLY FOR THE HALF CYCLE

Vave = Area Under the curve(of the waveform) / Length of the curve

Length is usually the time in the time axis

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59
Q

Technique for RMS Value of Voltage of ANY WAVEFORM

A
  1. ) Segment the waveform into even vertical strips, the more, the better
  2. ) Get the MIDDLE value of voltage per vertical strip
  3. ) Square these values
  4. ) Add the squared values
  5. ) divide the sum by the number of vertical strips made
  6. ) Square root the answer

Final Formula:
Vrms = SQRT( { [V1^2] + [V2^2] + [V3^2] +… } / n )

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60
Q

Peak value of waveform

A

Vp=sqrt(2)*Vrms

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61
Q

Peak to peak value of waveworm

A

Vpp=2Vp

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62
Q

Average value of waveform

A

Vave=2Vp/π

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63
Q

RMS value of a waveform

A

Vrms=Vp/sqrt(2)

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64
Q

What is form factor

A

ratio of rms to average value

Vrms/Vave

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65
Q

What is peak factor

A

ratio of peak to rms

Vp/Vrms

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66
Q

Series RL Circuit total voltage

A

Vt = Vr + jVL

= |Vt|∠θ

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67
Q

Series RL Circuit total impedance

A

Z = R + jXL

= |Z|∠θ

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68
Q

Series RL Circuit total current

A

It = Vt / Z

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69
Q

Series RC Circuit total voltage

A

Vt = Vr - jVc

= |Vt|∠θ

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70
Q

Series RC Circuit total impedance

A

Z = R - jXc

= |Z|∠θ

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71
Q

Series RC Circuit total Current

A

It = Vt / Z

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72
Q

Series RLC Circuit total voltage

A

Vt = Vr + jVL - jVc

= |Vt|∠θ

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73
Q

Series RLC Circuit total impedance

A

Z = R + jXL - jXc

= |Z|∠θ

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74
Q

Series RLC Circuit total current

A

It = Vt / Z

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75
Q

Parallel RL Circuit Total current

A

It = Ir - jIL

= |It|∠θ

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76
Q

Parallel RL Circuit Total admittance,Y

A

Y = G - jBL

= |Y|∠θ

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77
Q

Parallel RL Circuit Total Voltage

A

Vt = It*Z

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78
Q

Parallel RC Circuit Total current

A

It = Ir + jIC

= |It|∠θ

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79
Q

Parallel RC Circuit Total admittance,Y

A

Y = G + jBc

= |Y|∠θ

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80
Q

Parallel RC Circuit Total Impedance, Z

A

Z = 1 / Y

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81
Q

Parallel RC Circuit Total Voltage

A

Vt = It*Z

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82
Q

Parallel RLC Circuit total current

A

It = Ir + jIc - jIL

=|It|∠θ

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83
Q

Parallel RLC Circuit total Admittance

A

Y = G +jBc - jBL

=|Y|∠θ

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84
Q

Parallel RLC Circuit total Impedance

A

Z = 1/Y

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85
Q

Parallel RLC Circuit total Voltage

A

Vt = It*Z

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86
Q

True/Real/Active Power formula

A

P = Ir² R
= Vr² / R
= IrVr (watts)
= VtIt*cos(θ)

cos(θ) = power factor

Subscript ‘r’ means V/I at resistor

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87
Q

Reactive Power formula

A

Q = IxVx
= VtIt*sin(θ)

sin(θ) = reactive factor

Subscript ‘x’ means V/I at Capacitor/Inductor

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88
Q

Apparent power formula

A

S=I²Z
=Vt²/Z
=Vt*It

Z is Real + Reactive componet impedance

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89
Q

Power Triangle

A 
cos(θ) = P/S (Power Factor)
sin(θ) = Q/S (Reactive Factor)
S= P +-jQ = |S|
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90
Q

Resonant Frequency Formula (Both Series and THEORETICAL Parallel)

A

Fr = 1 / (2π*√(LC))

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91
Q

What is a Quality Factor(Series or Parallel Resonant)

A

AT RESONANCE, It is the ratio of stored/reactive power to the dissipated/real power

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92
Q

Formula for Quality Factor Formula in resonant circuits (Series Resonant)

A

@Fresonant:

Q= XL/Rs = Xc/Rs
Q=(1/Rs)*√(L/C)

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93
Q

Formula for Rise in voltage across L and C at resonance (series resonant)

A 
VL = Q*E
VC = Q*E

E - Source Voltage

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94
Q

Formula for Bandwidth formula at resonance

A

BW=Fr/Q

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95
Q

Formula for Q of a theoretical circuit (parallel resonant)

A 
Q = Rp / XL = Rp / Xc
Q = Rp*√(C / L)
96
Q

Formula for Rise in tank current at parallel resonance

A

Itank = Q*It

Since L and C form a tank circuit

97
Q

Formula for Transient Voltage of RL Circuit, Charging

A 
VL = E*e^( -t / τ)
Vr = E*( 1 - e^( -t / τ))

τ - Time Constant ( τ = L/R )

98
Q

Formula for Transient Voltage of RC Circuit, Charging

A 
Vc = E*( 1 - e^( -t / τ))
Vr = E*e^( -t / τ)

τ - Time Constant ( τ = RC )

99
Q

Criterion for Overdamped Case for series RLC

A

(R/2L)^2 > 1/LC

100
Q

Critically Damped Case for Series RLC

A

(R/2L)^2 = 1/LC

101
Q

Underdamped case for Series RLC

A

(R/2L)^2 < 1/LC

102
Q

A Purely Capacitive Load’s Current _______ the Voltage by 90 Degrees

A

Leads

103
Q

Formula for Reactance of a Capacitor (Xc)

A

Xc = 1 / 2πfC

104
Q

The real power Dissipated by a capacitor/inductor is ___________

A

zero

105
Q

A Purely Inductive Load’s Current _______ the Voltage by 90 Degrees

A

Lags

106
Q

Formula for Reactance of a Inductor (XL)

A

XL = 2πfL

107
Q

The reciprocal of Reactance (X)

A

Suceptance (B)

108
Q

The reciprocal of Impedance (Z)

A

Admittance (Y)

109
Q

Unit for Real Power

A

Watts

110
Q

Unit for Reactive Power

A

Volt - Ampere Reactive (VAR)

111
Q

Unit for Apparent Power

A

Volt -Ampere (VA)

112
Q

Phase angle FOR ANY CIRCUIT WITH REACTANCE

A

θ = +- tan⁻¹ ( i / R )

i - any imaginary value (Vx, Ix, XL, XC, Q, Must match R)
R - any real value ((Vr, Ir, R, P, Must match i)

113
Q

AVE Voltage value of a DC Pulse with a duty cycle

A

Vave = Vp * ( a / b )

a - ‘on’ time within one period
b - ‘off’ time within one period

114
Q

RMS Voltage value of a DC Pulse with a duty cycle

A

Vrms = Vp * sqrt ( a / b )

a - ‘on’ time within one period
b - ‘off’ time within one period

115
Q

AVE Voltage value of a Triangular/Sawtooth Wave

A

Vave = 0.5 Vp

116
Q

RMS Voltage of a Triangular/Sawtooth Wave

A

Vrms = 0.577 * Vp

117
Q

AVE and RMS Value of Square Wave

A

Vave = Vrms = Vp

¯_(ツ)_/¯

118
Q

RMS Voltage of White Noise

A

Vrms = (1/4)Vp

119
Q

At Series Resonance, the impedance of the circuit is (Max/Min), at Z = ________

A

Minimum

Z = R

120
Q

At Series Resonance, the Current of the circuit is (Max/Min), at I = ________

A

Maximum

I = E / R

121
Q

At Series Resonant, if operating Frequency is less than Resonant Frequency, Z is ______

A

Capacitive

122
Q

At Series Resonant, if operating Frequency is greater than Resonant Frequency, Z is ______

A

Inductive

123
Q

At Series or Parallel Resonant, if Z is capacitive, θ(phase angle) is ( + / - )

A

Positive (Current leading, ICE)

124
Q

At Series or Parallel Resonant, if Z is Inductive, θ(phase angle) is ( + / - )

A

Negative (Current lagging, ELI)

125
Q

Phase angle by default is with reference to whether _______ leads/lags

A

Current

(Use ELI or ICE to determine sign of θ_

126
Q

A Series Resonant Circuit at resonance Amplifies the ________ of the reactive components by a factor of __________

A

Voltage, by a factor of Q(Quality factor)

127
Q

In Series Resonant Circuit, at Resonance, The voltage across the inductor and capacitor are _______ but _______, therefore, both voltages _________

A

Equal in magnitude, but opposing phase angle, therefore both will cancel

128
Q

Formula for the Dissipation Factor

A

Dissipation Factor = 1 / Q

Q - Quality Factor

129
Q

What is the assumption for an inductor’s resistance in a THEORETICAL parallel resonance circuit

A

no resistance

130
Q

At Parallel Resonance, the impedance of the circuit is (Max/Min), at Z = ________

A

Maximum

Z = Rparallel

131
Q

At Parallel Resonance, the Current of the circuit is (Max/Min), at I = ________

A

Minimum
I = Irp

Irp - current at parallel resistor

132
Q

When a circuit is in resonance (Either Series or Parallel), The circuit is (Inductive, Capacitive, Resistive)

A

Resistive

133
Q

At Parallel Resonant, if operating Frequency is less than Resonant Frequency, Z is ______

A

Inductive

134
Q

At Parallel Resonant, if operating Frequency is Greater than Resonant Frequency, Z is ______

A

Capacitive

135
Q

A Parallel Resonant Circuit at resonance Amplifies the ________ of the reactive components by a factor of __________

A

Current, by a factor of Q (Quality factor)

136
Q

In Parallel Resonant Circuit, at Resonance, The current across the inductor and capacitor are _______ but _______, therefore, both currents _________

A

Equal in magnitude, but opposing phase angle, therefore both will cancel

137
Q

What is the assumption for an inductor’s resistance in a PRACTICAL parallel resonance circuit

A

inductor has an internal resistance (in series with the inductor on that branch)

138
Q

Formula for Q of a practical parallel resonance circuit

A

Q = XLs / Rs

When transformed,
Q = XLeq / Rp

(Both Q’s are of equal value)

139
Q

Formula for inductor’s original reactance converted into an equivalent parallel reactance

A

XLeq = XLs * ( [1 + Q²] / Q² )

140
Q

Formula for inductor’s internal resistance converted into an equivalent parallel resistance

A

Rp = Rs (Q² +1)

Rs - Inductor Internal Resistance
Rp - Equivalent parallel resistance

141
Q

Formula for Impedance at resonance of a practical parallel resonance circuit

A

Z = Rp = Rs * ( Q² + 1 )

Rs - Inductor Internal Resistance
Rp - Equivalent parallel resistance

142
Q

Approximate Formulas for Parallel equivalent of XLs and Rs (XLeq & Rp) when Q >= 10

A

Rp = Q² * Rs

XLeq = XLs

143
Q

Formula for Resonant Frequency of a practical parallel resonance circuit

A

Fr = { 1 / (2π*√(LC)) } * √( Q² / (1 + Q²) )

144
Q

Approximate Formula for Resonant Frequency of a practical parallel resonance circuit when Q >= 10

A

Fr = { 1 / (2π*√(LC)) }

145
Q

Quality factor (Q) is a property measured only when the circuit is currently in ____________

A

Resonance

146
Q

an Inductor’s Voltage is proportional to the (derivative/integral) of the current through it

A

DERIVATIVE :

V = L * di/dt (FARADAY’S LAW)

147
Q

an Inductor’s current is proportional to the (derivative/integral) of the voltage across it

A

INTEGRAL:

i = (1/L) * ∫ v*dt

148
Q

a Capacitor’s Voltage is proportional to the (derivative/integral) of the current through it

A

INTEGRAL:

V = Q / C = (1/C) * ∫ i*dt (From Q = CV)

149
Q

a Capacitor’s current is proportional to the (derivative/integral) of the voltage across it

A

DERIVATIVE :

i = C * dv/dt

150
Q

At time = 0 seconds, Inductors act like a/an (open/short) Circuit

A

Open

151
Q

At time = ∞ seconds, Inductors act like a/an (open/short) Circuit

A

Short

152
Q

At time = 0 seconds, Capacitors act like a/an (open/short) Circuit

A

Short

153
Q

At time = ∞ seconds, Capacitors act like a/an (open/short) Circuit

A

Open

154
Q

Formula for Transient Voltage of RL Circuit, Discharging

A 
VL = E*( 1 - e^( -t / τ))
Vr = E*e^( -t / τ)

τ - Time Constant ( τ = L/R )

155
Q

Formula for Transient Voltage of RC Circuit, Discharging

A 
Vc = E*e^( -t / τ)
Vr = E*( 1 - e^( -t / τ))

τ - Time Constant ( τ = RC )

156
Q

At τ = 1 time constant, A capacitor is charged at ____% of the applied voltage

A

63.2%

157
Q

At τ = 2 time constant, A capacitor is charged at ____% of the applied voltage

A

86.5%

158
Q

At τ = 5 time constant, A capacitor is charged at ____% of the applied voltage

A

100%

159
Q

Formula for Alpha (α) in an RLC Transient analysis

A

α = R / 2L

R - Resistance (ohm)
L - Inductance (H)

160
Q

Formula for Beta (β) in an RLC Transient analysis

A

β = Sqrt ( α² - (1/LC) )

α - R / 2L
R - Resistance (ohm)
L - Inductance (H)
C - Capacitance (F)

161
Q

When β is Positive, the transient circuit is ______

A

Overdamped

162
Q

When β is equal to 0, the transient circuit is ______

A

Critically damped

163
Q

When β is imaginary (due to square root), the transient circuit is ______

A

Underdamped

164
Q

instantateous current value (i) of an overdamped circuit

A

i = { E / 2βL } * { e^[(α + β)t] - e^[(α - β)t] }

165
Q

instantateous current value (i) of a critically damped circuit

A

i = (Et / L) * e^(αt)

166
Q

instantateous current value (i) of an underdamped circuit

A

i = { e^(αt) } * { (E / βL) * sinβt }

167
Q

β for a Transient Circuit is also called ________

A

Damped Circuit Discriminant:

β > 0 — Overdamped
β = 0 — Critically Damped
β is imaginary — Underdamped

168
Q

The average(dc) value of the input voltage to a Halfwave/Fullwave rectifier is _____

A

0 Volts

because input is usually pure AC

169
Q

Formula for The RMS value of the input voltage to a Halfwave/Fullwave rectifier is _____

A

0.707 * Vp

because input is usually pure AC

170
Q

Formula for The RMS value of the output voltage to a Halfwave rectifier is _____

A

Vrmsout = 0.5 * Vp

171
Q

Formula for The RMS value of the output voltage to a Fullwave rectifier is _____

A

Vrmsout = 0.707 * Vp

172
Q

Form Factor of Half Wave Output Voltage

A

FFhw = 1.57

173
Q

Form Factor of Full Wave Output Voltage

A

FFfw = 1.11

174
Q

Ripple Factor of Half Wave Output Voltage

A

RFhw = 1.21

175
Q

Ripple Factor of Full Wave Output Voltage

A

RFfw = 0.48

176
Q

The diodes in a half wave rectifier must have a Peak Inverse Voltage greater than or equal to __________

A

Input Vp

177
Q

The diodes in a Full wave bridge rectifier must have a Peak Inverse Voltage greater than or equal to __________

A

Input Vp

178
Q

The diodes in a Full wave Center Tapped rectifier must have a Peak Inverse Voltage greater than or equal to __________

A

2 * (Input Vp)

179
Q

Maximum Flux (Φ) in a transformer coil

A

Φ = Bm * A

Bm - Max. Flux Density (in Tesla)
A - Core Cross Sectional Area (m^2)

180
Q

In a 3-Phase Transformer, when the PRIMARY WINDINGS are in Δ formation (either Δ-Δ or Δ-Y), the PRIMARY line’s ______ is √3 times the Primary Winding’s __________

A

Current, Current

I(Line,Pri) = √3 * I(Winding, Pri)

181
Q

In a 3-Phase Transformer, when the PRIMARY WINDINGS are in Y formation (either Y-Δ or Y-Y), the PRIMARY line’s ______ is √3 times the Primary Winding’s __________

A

Voltage, Voltage

V(Line,Pri) = √3 * V(Winding, Pri)

182
Q

In a 3-Phase Transformer, when the SECONDARY WINDINGS are in Δ formation (either Δ-Δ or Y-Δ), the SECONDARY line’s ______ is √3 times the Secondary Winding’s __________

A

Current, Current

I(Line,Sec) = √3 * I(Winding, Sec)

183
Q

In a 3-Phase Transformer, when the SECONDARY WINDINGS are in Y formation (either Δ-Y or Y-Y), the SECONDARY line’s ______ is √3 times the Secondary Winding’s __________

A

Voltage, Voltage

V(Line,Sec) = √3 * V(Winding, Sec)

184
Q

Formula for Turns ratio of Primary to secondary coil to obtain a specific Primary-to-secondary Voltage ratio

A

Vpri / Vsec = Npri / Nsec

185
Q

Formula for Turns ratio of Primary to secondary coil to obtain a specific Primary-to-secondary Current ratio

A

Ipri / Isec = Nsec / Npri

186
Q

When Primary and secondary coils of a 3-Phase Transformer have the same formation (Δ-Δ or Y-Y), the Phasor diagram of the Primary input is _______ with the Phasor diagram of the secondary output

A

in phase / Same phasor diagram

187
Q

When Primary and secondary coils of a 3-Phase Transformer have a different formation (Δ-Y or ΔY), the Phasor diagram of the Primary input is _______ with the Phasor diagram of the secondary output

A

30 degrees Out of Phase

188
Q

Formula for Average(dc) voltage output of a 3-Phase Single Way Rectifier

A

Vdc = 0.827 * Vp

189
Q

Formula for RMS voltage output of a 3-Phase Single Way Rectifier

A

Vrms = 0.841 * Vp

190
Q

Formula for Average(dc) voltage output of a 3-Phase Double Way Rectifier

A

Vdc = 0.955 * Vp

191
Q

Formula for RMS voltage output of a 3-Phase Double Way Rectifier

A

Vrms = 0.95577 * Vp

192
Q

A 3-Phase Single Way Rectifier is analogous to a ________ Rectifier when in Single Phase

A

Half Wave

193
Q

A 3-Phase Double Way Rectifier is analogous to a ________ Rectifier when in Single Phase

A

Full Wave

194
Q

Total Transformer loss is the sum of _________ loss and ________ loss

A

Copper, core

195
Q

Core losses are comprised of ______ loss and _______ loss

A

Eddy Current, Hysteresis

196
Q

Why Eddy Current Losses occur is due to the fact that _____

A

Core is exposed to changing magnetic field as well, and since it is a conductor, a current and voltage is also induced in it

197
Q

Solution to mitigate Eddy Current losses

A

Laminate the core
or
use Dielectrics(also insulators) like ferrites

198
Q

Formula for Hysteresis Loss

A

W(hysteresis) = ηh * f * (Bm^1.6)

ηh - Hysteresis coefficient
f - frequency
Bm - Max. Flux Density

199
Q

Why Hysteresis Losses occur is due to the fact that _____

A

a core is retentive: magnetic domains inside the core cannot keep up with the changing magnetic field, creating a lagging effect in the magnetic change, causing friction

200
Q

MEAN VALUE THEOREM:

AVERAGE VALUE OF ANY WAVEFORM

A

AVERAGE = (1 / (b - a)) * ∫( f(x) dx , a(lower limit) , b(upper limit )

a and b are the specific period points on the function/waveform of inqiury
f(x)-waveform equation with respect to time

201
Q

MEAN VALUE THEOREM:

RMS VALUE OF ANY WAVEFORM

A

RMS = SQRT{ (1 / (b - a)) * ∫( f(x)² dx , a(lower limit) , b(upper limit ) }

a and b are the specific period points on the function/waveform of inqiury
f(x)-waveform equation with respect to time

202
Q

The Ripple Factor is also known as ______

A

Percentage Ripple (%ripple)

203
Q

Formula for Ripple RMS Voltage

A

V(ripple)rms = √( Vrms(FW/HW)² - Vdc(FW/HW)² )

Vrms(FW/HW) - RMS of FW/HW output
Vdc(FW/HW) - AVE of FW/HW output

204
Q

Alternative Ripple Factor Formula (involving C-Filter and Load Resistance at the FW/HW outpit)

A

r = 1 / (4√3 * fCR)

f - Frequency
C - Capacitance
R - Load Resistance

205
Q

Formula for peak-to-peak Ripple Voltage of a halfwave rectifier (including C-Filter)

A

Vrpp = Idc / fC

Idc - Direct Current (DC) Current in the circuit
f - Frequency
C - Capacitance

206
Q

Formula for peak-to-peak Ripple Voltage of a Fullwave rectifier (including C-Filter)

A

Vrpp = Idc / 2fC

Idc - Direct Current (DC) Current in the circuit
f - Frequency
C - Capacitance

207
Q

Formula for Average(dc) Voltage of a C-filter output

A

Vave = Vp(FW/HW) - (Vrpp(FW/HW) / 2)

Vp(FW/HW) - FW/HW Output Peak voltage (not ripple)
Vrpp(FW/HW) - peak-to-peak ripple voltage, either fullwave or halfwave

208
Q

Formula for Peak Ripple Voltage

A

Vrp = √3 * Vr(rms)

Vrp - Ripple Peak Voltage
Vr(rms) - Ripple RMS Voltage

209
Q

Alternative Ripple RMS Voltage for Halfwave Rectifiers

A

Vr(rms)HW = 0.386 * Vp

Vp - Halfwave output peak voltage

210
Q

Alternative Ripple RMS Voltage for Fullwave Rectifiers

A

Vr(rms)FW = 0.308 * Vp

Vp - Fullwave output peak voltage

211
Q

The four parts of a Voltage Regulator

A
  1. ) Series/Shunt Element
  2. ) Comparator
  3. ) Sampling Circuit
  4. ) Reference Voltage
212
Q

Formula for Load Voltage of a Simple Series Voltage Regulator

A

VL = Vo = Vz - VBE

Vz - Zener Voltage
VBE - Voltage across BE junction of BJT Series Element(usually 0.7)

213
Q

Formula for Load Voltage of a Simple Shunt Voltage Regulator

A

VL = Vo = Vz + VBE

Vz - Zener Voltage
VBE - Voltage across BE junction of BJT Series Element(usually 0.7)

214
Q

In a Series Voltage Regulator, what part of the voltage regulator is in series with the load resistor?

A

Series element (usually BJT)

215
Q

In a Shunt Voltage Regulator, what part of the voltage regulator is in parallel with the load resistor?

A

Shunt element (usually BJT)

216
Q

What Device is usually used to provide the reference voltage of a voltage regulator?

A

Zener Diode

217
Q

In a Fixed Voltage Regulator, the maximum input voltage allowed is usually ___________

A

Twice its rated output voltage

218
Q

In a Fixed Voltage Regulator, the Minimum Input Voltage for operation is approximately ________

A

+-(Rated output voltage) +-2

+- depends on whether positive or negative supply

219
Q

For Positive Fixed Voltage regulators, We use the ________ Family of ICs

A

7800 Series

220
Q

For Negative Fixed Voltage regulators, We use the ________ Family of ICs

A

7900

221
Q

The most famous IC used as an adjustable voltage regulator is the _______

A

LM317

222
Q

The adjustable range of the LM317 IC

A

1.2 - 3.7 Volts

223
Q

Formula for output voltage of an LM317 IC

A

Vo = Vref * (1 + R2/R1) + (Iadj * R2)

Iadj - Current coming from the adjustment leg of the LM317
R2 - Potentiometer, whose ends are connected to the ADJ leg and the ground of the circuit
R1 - Fixed resistor, whose ends are connected to the ADJ leg and the OUT leg of the LM317
Vref - Voltage across OUT leg and the ADJ leg

224
Q

Typical value for Vref in LM317

A

Vref = 1.25 V

225
Q

Typical Value for Iadj in LM317

A

Iadj = 100μA

226
Q

Ideal Load/Voltage Regulation Value is ________

A

0%

227
Q

No Load Voltage (>,

A

V(NL) > V(FL)

228
Q

Formula for Source Regulation/Line Regulation

A

%SR = (Vh - Vl) / Vl x 100%

Vh - highest output voltage
Vl - Lowest output voltage

“SUSO, LAWLAW”

229
Q

Ideal Line/Source Regulation Value is ________

A

0%

230
Q

What does stability factor determine?

A

It Measures how effective the regulator is

231
Q

A Positive Clamper has its Diode arrow pointing _______ the Capacitor

A

Toward

232
Q

A Negative Clamper has its Diode arrow pointing _______ the Capacitor

A

Away from

233
Q

A clamper consists of:

A

A Capacitor, a Diode, and the load in parallel to the diode

234
Q

Another Term for Halfwave voltage doubler/tripler/quadrupler/etc

A

Villard Cascade

235
Q

A Halfwave Voltage ‘n’ - ler(doubler, tripler, etc) involves ____ diodes and ____ capacitors

A

n diodes and n capacitors

Bryx_Electronics (11 decks)

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