Electronic Circuits Flashcards
Process of converting AC to pulsating DC
Rectification
Process of removing 1/2 cycle of the input
Half wave rectification
Formula for Average(dc) Voltage at the output of a Half Wave Rectifier
0.318 Vp
or
Vp / π
Formula for Average(dc) Voltage at the output of a Full Wave Rectifier
0.636 Vp
or
2Vp / π
A clipper circuit is also known as a
Limiter
Refers to the introduction of a reference signal level
Clamping
Clamping is also called
DC reinsertion and DC restoration
An electrical circuit that converts AC electrical power from a lower voltage to a higher DC voltage
Voltage Multiplication
A Power Supply consists of
Transformer, Rectifier, Filter, Regulator, Load
Formula for Induced Voltage in a transformer winding(either primary or secondary) when the core contributes to its voltage
V = 4.44 N f ɸ
N - # of turns
ɸ - Max Flux in core (Wb)
f - frequency
Turns Ratio (Formula)
a = Ns / Np
a = Vs / Vp
a = sqrt( Zs / Zp)
a = Ip / Is
Copper Loss (Formula)
Losses across the Resistances
(I^2)R
Eddy Current Loss (Formula)
We = ne (fB)^2
ne - proportionality constant
f - frequency
B - max flux density
Transformer Efficiency (Formula)
n = (Pout / Pin) x 100%
Pin = Pout + Ploss
Formula for Vrms of Half Wave
0.707 Vm
Formula for Vrms of Full Wave
0.707 Vm
Ripple Factor (Formula)
r = V(ripple)rms / VaveFW/HW
V(ripple)rms - RMS Ripple Voltage
VaveFW/HW - average output voltage of FW/HW Rectifier, not the Vdc of the ripple
Formula for Voltage Regulation/Load Regulation
%VR = (Vnl - Vfl) / Vfl
NO FULL FULL
Converts Pulsating DC to Suitably Smooth DC level
Filter
Formula for V(ripple)rms in a C-filter (Formula)
V(ripple)rms= Idc / (4√3 * fC)
Idc - DC current
f - frequency
C - Capacitance
Simplest and most economic filter
C-filter
Formula for Vdc in RC-filter (Formula)
Vdc(load) = (Rload / (Rload + Rrc)) * Vdc(FW/HW)
Rrc - Resistor used in RC filter
Vdc(FW/HW) - Average voltage just after the FW/HW rectifier, serving as the input to the RC filter
Formula for V(ripple)rms in RC-filter (Formula)
V(ripple)rms(load) = (Xc / Rrc) * Vrms(FW/HW)
Rrc - Resistor used in RC filter
Vrms(FW/HW) - RMS voltage just after the FW/HW rectifier, serving as the input to the RC filter
Provide Steady DC output
Voltage Regulators
Stability Factor (Formula)
S = ΔVo / ΔVin
@constant output current
Arrangement of Fixed and Variable resistive elements used to reduce the strength of an RF or AF signal.
Attenuator
Another term for an Ideal Source
Stiff Source ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
The internal Resistance of an ideal voltage source is ______
0 Ohms
The internal Resistance of an ideal Current source is ______
Infinity Onms
Parts of a battery
- ) + terminal
- ) - terminal
- ) Electrolyte
When the battery is discharging, The (anode/cathode) is positive, and the (anode/cathode) is negative
Cathode is Positive
Anode is Negative
What process is involved when a battery discharges?
Reverse Electrolysis
Reverse electrolysis involves a ________ reaction into a _______ reaction
Chemical Reaction into Electrical Reaction
When the battery is charging, The (anode/cathode) is positive, and the (anode/cathode) is negative
Cathode is Negative
Anode is Positive
What process is involved when a battery charges?
Electrolysis
Electrolysis involves a ________ reaction into a _______ reaction
Electrical Reaction into Chemical Reaction
What chemical process is involved at the Anode when a battery discharges?
Oxidation
“NOA” (Negative Oxidation Anode)
What chemical process is involved at the Cathode when a battery discharges?
Reduction
“PRC” (Positive Reduction Cathode)
A Property of a battery that defines how long you can supply a constant current A for H hours
Ampere-hour (Ah)
THEORY: A circuit can be represented as one voltage source and a resistance in series
Thevenin’s Theorem
THEORY: A circuit can be represented as one current source and a resistance in Parallel
Norton’s Theorem
The Thevenin’s Resistance and Norton’s Resistance are ________
equal
Conversion from Thevenin’s Voltage Source into Norton’s Current Source
I(no) = V(th) / R(th)
Conversion from Norton’s Current Source into Thevenin’s Voltage Source
V(th) = I(no) R(no)
Steps in Obtaining Thevenin Equivalent / Norton Eqiovalent Circuit (TEC/NEC)
1.) TONS
(Thevenin Open Rload, Norton Short Rload)
Get V(th) / I(no)
2.) VSCO
(Voltage Source Short, Current Source Open)
Get R(th) / R(no)
3.) Rebuild Circuit (with V(th)/I(no) and R(th)/R(no))
and replace Rload back into the TEC/NEC circuit
Thevenin’s Resistance is also called ______
Looking Back Resistance
Norton’s Resistance is also called ______
Looking In Resistance
Formulas for Delta to Wye
RY = (Product of RΔ Adjacent to RY) / (Sum of RΔ)
Formulas for Wye to Delta
RΔ = [Sum of Products (RY)] / (RY opposite to RΔ)
When Branches that consist of [a Voltage source and a resistance in series], and of these branches are connected in parallel to each other, what Theorem is applicable to obtain the effective voltage across the parallel connection?
Millman’s Theorem
Formula for Voltage across a parallel connection of branches consisting of [a Voltage source and a resistance in series] (AKA Millman’s Theorem)
V(No Load) = { (E1 / R1) + (E2 / R2) + … } / { (1 / R1) + (1 / R2) + …}
Formula for Resistance across a parallel connection of branches consisting of [a Voltage source and a resistance in series] (AKA Millman’s Theorem)
Reff = 1 / { (1 / R1) + (1 / R2) + … }
What do you call the approximation on the resistance of a conductor that assumes it has zero resistance?
Ideal Approximation
When Zinc is employed as a component in a battery, it is usually the (Negative/Positive) terminal
Negative
When Copper is employed as a component in a battery, it is usually the (Negative/Positive) terminal
Positive
A circuit that operates at maximum power transfer has an efficiency of _____%
50%
Form Factor of a Sine Wave
FF = Vrms / Vave FF = 0.707 Vm / 0.636 Vm
FF(sinewave) = 1.1
Technique for Average Value of Voltage of ANY waveform
NOTE: ONLY FOR THE HALF CYCLE
Vave = Area Under the curve(of the waveform) / Length of the curve
Length is usually the time in the time axis
Technique for RMS Value of Voltage of ANY WAVEFORM
- ) Segment the waveform into even vertical strips, the more, the better
- ) Get the MIDDLE value of voltage per vertical strip
- ) Square these values
- ) Add the squared values
- ) divide the sum by the number of vertical strips made
- ) Square root the answer
Final Formula:
Vrms = SQRT( { [V1^2] + [V2^2] + [V3^2] +… } / n )
Peak value of waveform
Vp=sqrt(2)*Vrms
Peak to peak value of waveworm
Vpp=2Vp
Average value of waveform
Vave=2Vp/π
RMS value of a waveform
Vrms=Vp/sqrt(2)
What is form factor
ratio of rms to average value
Vrms/Vave
What is peak factor
ratio of peak to rms
Vp/Vrms
Series RL Circuit total voltage
Vt = Vr + jVL
= |Vt|∠θ
Series RL Circuit total impedance
Z = R + jXL
= |Z|∠θ
Series RL Circuit total current
It = Vt / Z
Series RC Circuit total voltage
Vt = Vr - jVc
= |Vt|∠θ
Series RC Circuit total impedance
Z = R - jXc
= |Z|∠θ
Series RC Circuit total Current
It = Vt / Z
Series RLC Circuit total voltage
Vt = Vr + jVL - jVc
= |Vt|∠θ
Series RLC Circuit total impedance
Z = R + jXL - jXc
= |Z|∠θ
Series RLC Circuit total current
It = Vt / Z
Parallel RL Circuit Total current
It = Ir - jIL
= |It|∠θ
Parallel RL Circuit Total admittance,Y
Y = G - jBL
= |Y|∠θ
Parallel RL Circuit Total Voltage
Vt = It*Z
Parallel RC Circuit Total current
It = Ir + jIC
= |It|∠θ
Parallel RC Circuit Total admittance,Y
Y = G + jBc
= |Y|∠θ
Parallel RC Circuit Total Impedance, Z
Z = 1 / Y
Parallel RC Circuit Total Voltage
Vt = It*Z
Parallel RLC Circuit total current
It = Ir + jIc - jIL
=|It|∠θ
Parallel RLC Circuit total Admittance
Y = G +jBc - jBL
=|Y|∠θ
Parallel RLC Circuit total Impedance
Z = 1/Y
Parallel RLC Circuit total Voltage
Vt = It*Z
True/Real/Active Power formula
P = Ir² R
= Vr² / R
= IrVr (watts)
= VtIt*cos(θ)
cos(θ) = power factor
Subscript ‘r’ means V/I at resistor
Reactive Power formula
Q = IxVx
= VtIt*sin(θ)
sin(θ) = reactive factor
Subscript ‘x’ means V/I at Capacitor/Inductor
Apparent power formula
S=I²Z
=Vt²/Z
=Vt*It
Z is Real + Reactive componet impedance
Power Triangle
cos(θ) = P/S (Power Factor) sin(θ) = Q/S (Reactive Factor) S= P +-jQ = |S|
Resonant Frequency Formula (Both Series and THEORETICAL Parallel)
Fr = 1 / (2π*√(LC))
What is a Quality Factor(Series or Parallel Resonant)
AT RESONANCE, It is the ratio of stored/reactive power to the dissipated/real power
Formula for Quality Factor Formula in resonant circuits (Series Resonant)
@Fresonant:
Q= XL/Rs = Xc/Rs
Q=(1/Rs)*√(L/C)
Formula for Rise in voltage across L and C at resonance (series resonant)
VL = Q*E VC = Q*E
E - Source Voltage
Formula for Bandwidth formula at resonance
BW=Fr/Q
Formula for Q of a theoretical circuit (parallel resonant)
Q = Rp / XL = Rp / Xc Q = Rp*√(C / L)
Formula for Rise in tank current at parallel resonance
Itank = Q*It
Since L and C form a tank circuit
Formula for Transient Voltage of RL Circuit, Charging
VL = E*e^( -t / τ) Vr = E*( 1 - e^( -t / τ))
τ - Time Constant ( τ = L/R )
Formula for Transient Voltage of RC Circuit, Charging
Vc = E*( 1 - e^( -t / τ)) Vr = E*e^( -t / τ)
τ - Time Constant ( τ = RC )
Criterion for Overdamped Case for series RLC
(R/2L)^2 > 1/LC
Critically Damped Case for Series RLC
(R/2L)^2 = 1/LC
Underdamped case for Series RLC
(R/2L)^2 < 1/LC
A Purely Capacitive Load’s Current _______ the Voltage by 90 Degrees
Leads
Formula for Reactance of a Capacitor (Xc)
Xc = 1 / 2πfC
The real power Dissipated by a capacitor/inductor is ___________
zero
A Purely Inductive Load’s Current _______ the Voltage by 90 Degrees
Lags
Formula for Reactance of a Inductor (XL)
XL = 2πfL
The reciprocal of Reactance (X)
Suceptance (B)
The reciprocal of Impedance (Z)
Admittance (Y)
Unit for Real Power
Watts
Unit for Reactive Power
Volt - Ampere Reactive (VAR)
Unit for Apparent Power
Volt -Ampere (VA)
Phase angle FOR ANY CIRCUIT WITH REACTANCE
θ = +- tan⁻¹ ( i / R )
i - any imaginary value (Vx, Ix, XL, XC, Q, Must match R)
R - any real value ((Vr, Ir, R, P, Must match i)
AVE Voltage value of a DC Pulse with a duty cycle
Vave = Vp * ( a / b )
a - ‘on’ time within one period
b - ‘off’ time within one period
RMS Voltage value of a DC Pulse with a duty cycle
Vrms = Vp * sqrt ( a / b )
a - ‘on’ time within one period
b - ‘off’ time within one period
AVE Voltage value of a Triangular/Sawtooth Wave
Vave = 0.5 Vp
RMS Voltage of a Triangular/Sawtooth Wave
Vrms = 0.577 * Vp
AVE and RMS Value of Square Wave
Vave = Vrms = Vp
¯_(ツ)_/¯
RMS Voltage of White Noise
Vrms = (1/4)Vp
At Series Resonance, the impedance of the circuit is (Max/Min), at Z = ________
Minimum
Z = R
At Series Resonance, the Current of the circuit is (Max/Min), at I = ________
Maximum
I = E / R
At Series Resonant, if operating Frequency is less than Resonant Frequency, Z is ______
Capacitive
At Series Resonant, if operating Frequency is greater than Resonant Frequency, Z is ______
Inductive
At Series or Parallel Resonant, if Z is capacitive, θ(phase angle) is ( + / - )
Positive (Current leading, ICE)
At Series or Parallel Resonant, if Z is Inductive, θ(phase angle) is ( + / - )
Negative (Current lagging, ELI)
Phase angle by default is with reference to whether _______ leads/lags
Current
(Use ELI or ICE to determine sign of θ_
A Series Resonant Circuit at resonance Amplifies the ________ of the reactive components by a factor of __________
Voltage, by a factor of Q(Quality factor)
In Series Resonant Circuit, at Resonance, The voltage across the inductor and capacitor are _______ but _______, therefore, both voltages _________
Equal in magnitude, but opposing phase angle, therefore both will cancel
Formula for the Dissipation Factor
Dissipation Factor = 1 / Q
Q - Quality Factor
What is the assumption for an inductor’s resistance in a THEORETICAL parallel resonance circuit
no resistance
At Parallel Resonance, the impedance of the circuit is (Max/Min), at Z = ________
Maximum
Z = Rparallel
At Parallel Resonance, the Current of the circuit is (Max/Min), at I = ________
Minimum
I = Irp
Irp - current at parallel resistor
When a circuit is in resonance (Either Series or Parallel), The circuit is (Inductive, Capacitive, Resistive)
Resistive
At Parallel Resonant, if operating Frequency is less than Resonant Frequency, Z is ______
Inductive
At Parallel Resonant, if operating Frequency is Greater than Resonant Frequency, Z is ______
Capacitive
A Parallel Resonant Circuit at resonance Amplifies the ________ of the reactive components by a factor of __________
Current, by a factor of Q (Quality factor)
In Parallel Resonant Circuit, at Resonance, The current across the inductor and capacitor are _______ but _______, therefore, both currents _________
Equal in magnitude, but opposing phase angle, therefore both will cancel
What is the assumption for an inductor’s resistance in a PRACTICAL parallel resonance circuit
inductor has an internal resistance (in series with the inductor on that branch)
Formula for Q of a practical parallel resonance circuit
Q = XLs / Rs
When transformed,
Q = XLeq / Rp
(Both Q’s are of equal value)
Formula for inductor’s original reactance converted into an equivalent parallel reactance
XLeq = XLs * ( [1 + Q²] / Q² )
Formula for inductor’s internal resistance converted into an equivalent parallel resistance
Rp = Rs (Q² +1)
Rs - Inductor Internal Resistance
Rp - Equivalent parallel resistance
Formula for Impedance at resonance of a practical parallel resonance circuit
Z = Rp = Rs * ( Q² + 1 )
Rs - Inductor Internal Resistance
Rp - Equivalent parallel resistance
Approximate Formulas for Parallel equivalent of XLs and Rs (XLeq & Rp) when Q >= 10
Rp = Q² * Rs
XLeq = XLs
Formula for Resonant Frequency of a practical parallel resonance circuit
Fr = { 1 / (2π*√(LC)) } * √( Q² / (1 + Q²) )
Approximate Formula for Resonant Frequency of a practical parallel resonance circuit when Q >= 10
Fr = { 1 / (2π*√(LC)) }
Quality factor (Q) is a property measured only when the circuit is currently in ____________
Resonance
an Inductor’s Voltage is proportional to the (derivative/integral) of the current through it
DERIVATIVE :
V = L * di/dt (FARADAY’S LAW)
an Inductor’s current is proportional to the (derivative/integral) of the voltage across it
INTEGRAL:
i = (1/L) * ∫ v*dt
a Capacitor’s Voltage is proportional to the (derivative/integral) of the current through it
INTEGRAL:
V = Q / C = (1/C) * ∫ i*dt (From Q = CV)
a Capacitor’s current is proportional to the (derivative/integral) of the voltage across it
DERIVATIVE :
i = C * dv/dt
At time = 0 seconds, Inductors act like a/an (open/short) Circuit
Open
At time = ∞ seconds, Inductors act like a/an (open/short) Circuit
Short
At time = 0 seconds, Capacitors act like a/an (open/short) Circuit
Short
At time = ∞ seconds, Capacitors act like a/an (open/short) Circuit
Open
Formula for Transient Voltage of RL Circuit, Discharging
VL = E*( 1 - e^( -t / τ)) Vr = E*e^( -t / τ)
τ - Time Constant ( τ = L/R )
Formula for Transient Voltage of RC Circuit, Discharging
Vc = E*e^( -t / τ) Vr = E*( 1 - e^( -t / τ))
τ - Time Constant ( τ = RC )
At τ = 1 time constant, A capacitor is charged at ____% of the applied voltage
63.2%
At τ = 2 time constant, A capacitor is charged at ____% of the applied voltage
86.5%
At τ = 5 time constant, A capacitor is charged at ____% of the applied voltage
100%
Formula for Alpha (α) in an RLC Transient analysis
α = R / 2L
R - Resistance (ohm)
L - Inductance (H)
Formula for Beta (β) in an RLC Transient analysis
β = Sqrt ( α² - (1/LC) )
α - R / 2L
R - Resistance (ohm)
L - Inductance (H)
C - Capacitance (F)
When β is Positive, the transient circuit is ______
Overdamped
When β is equal to 0, the transient circuit is ______
Critically damped
When β is imaginary (due to square root), the transient circuit is ______
Underdamped
instantateous current value (i) of an overdamped circuit
i = { E / 2βL } * { e^[(α + β)t] - e^[(α - β)t] }
instantateous current value (i) of a critically damped circuit
i = (Et / L) * e^(αt)
instantateous current value (i) of an underdamped circuit
i = { e^(αt) } * { (E / βL) * sinβt }
β for a Transient Circuit is also called ________
Damped Circuit Discriminant:
β > 0 — Overdamped
β = 0 — Critically Damped
β is imaginary — Underdamped
The average(dc) value of the input voltage to a Halfwave/Fullwave rectifier is _____
0 Volts
because input is usually pure AC
Formula for The RMS value of the input voltage to a Halfwave/Fullwave rectifier is _____
0.707 * Vp
because input is usually pure AC
Formula for The RMS value of the output voltage to a Halfwave rectifier is _____
Vrmsout = 0.5 * Vp
Formula for The RMS value of the output voltage to a Fullwave rectifier is _____
Vrmsout = 0.707 * Vp
Form Factor of Half Wave Output Voltage
FFhw = 1.57
Form Factor of Full Wave Output Voltage
FFfw = 1.11
Ripple Factor of Half Wave Output Voltage
RFhw = 1.21
Ripple Factor of Full Wave Output Voltage
RFfw = 0.48
The diodes in a half wave rectifier must have a Peak Inverse Voltage greater than or equal to __________
Input Vp
The diodes in a Full wave bridge rectifier must have a Peak Inverse Voltage greater than or equal to __________
Input Vp
The diodes in a Full wave Center Tapped rectifier must have a Peak Inverse Voltage greater than or equal to __________
2 * (Input Vp)
Maximum Flux (Φ) in a transformer coil
Φ = Bm * A
Bm - Max. Flux Density (in Tesla)
A - Core Cross Sectional Area (m^2)
In a 3-Phase Transformer, when the PRIMARY WINDINGS are in Δ formation (either Δ-Δ or Δ-Y), the PRIMARY line’s ______ is √3 times the Primary Winding’s __________
Current, Current
I(Line,Pri) = √3 * I(Winding, Pri)
In a 3-Phase Transformer, when the PRIMARY WINDINGS are in Y formation (either Y-Δ or Y-Y), the PRIMARY line’s ______ is √3 times the Primary Winding’s __________
Voltage, Voltage
V(Line,Pri) = √3 * V(Winding, Pri)
In a 3-Phase Transformer, when the SECONDARY WINDINGS are in Δ formation (either Δ-Δ or Y-Δ), the SECONDARY line’s ______ is √3 times the Secondary Winding’s __________
Current, Current
I(Line,Sec) = √3 * I(Winding, Sec)
In a 3-Phase Transformer, when the SECONDARY WINDINGS are in Y formation (either Δ-Y or Y-Y), the SECONDARY line’s ______ is √3 times the Secondary Winding’s __________
Voltage, Voltage
V(Line,Sec) = √3 * V(Winding, Sec)
Formula for Turns ratio of Primary to secondary coil to obtain a specific Primary-to-secondary Voltage ratio
Vpri / Vsec = Npri / Nsec
Formula for Turns ratio of Primary to secondary coil to obtain a specific Primary-to-secondary Current ratio
Ipri / Isec = Nsec / Npri
When Primary and secondary coils of a 3-Phase Transformer have the same formation (Δ-Δ or Y-Y), the Phasor diagram of the Primary input is _______ with the Phasor diagram of the secondary output
in phase / Same phasor diagram
When Primary and secondary coils of a 3-Phase Transformer have a different formation (Δ-Y or ΔY), the Phasor diagram of the Primary input is _______ with the Phasor diagram of the secondary output
30 degrees Out of Phase
Formula for Average(dc) voltage output of a 3-Phase Single Way Rectifier
Vdc = 0.827 * Vp
Formula for RMS voltage output of a 3-Phase Single Way Rectifier
Vrms = 0.841 * Vp
Formula for Average(dc) voltage output of a 3-Phase Double Way Rectifier
Vdc = 0.955 * Vp
Formula for RMS voltage output of a 3-Phase Double Way Rectifier
Vrms = 0.95577 * Vp
A 3-Phase Single Way Rectifier is analogous to a ________ Rectifier when in Single Phase
Half Wave
A 3-Phase Double Way Rectifier is analogous to a ________ Rectifier when in Single Phase
Full Wave
Total Transformer loss is the sum of _________ loss and ________ loss
Copper, core
Core losses are comprised of ______ loss and _______ loss
Eddy Current, Hysteresis
Why Eddy Current Losses occur is due to the fact that _____
Core is exposed to changing magnetic field as well, and since it is a conductor, a current and voltage is also induced in it
Solution to mitigate Eddy Current losses
Laminate the core
or
use Dielectrics(also insulators) like ferrites
Formula for Hysteresis Loss
W(hysteresis) = ηh * f * (Bm^1.6)
ηh - Hysteresis coefficient
f - frequency
Bm - Max. Flux Density
Why Hysteresis Losses occur is due to the fact that _____
a core is retentive: magnetic domains inside the core cannot keep up with the changing magnetic field, creating a lagging effect in the magnetic change, causing friction
MEAN VALUE THEOREM:
AVERAGE VALUE OF ANY WAVEFORM
AVERAGE = (1 / (b - a)) * ∫( f(x) dx , a(lower limit) , b(upper limit )
a and b are the specific period points on the function/waveform of inqiury
f(x)-waveform equation with respect to time
MEAN VALUE THEOREM:
RMS VALUE OF ANY WAVEFORM
RMS = SQRT{ (1 / (b - a)) * ∫( f(x)² dx , a(lower limit) , b(upper limit ) }
a and b are the specific period points on the function/waveform of inqiury
f(x)-waveform equation with respect to time
The Ripple Factor is also known as ______
Percentage Ripple (%ripple)
Formula for Ripple RMS Voltage
V(ripple)rms = √( Vrms(FW/HW)² - Vdc(FW/HW)² )
Vrms(FW/HW) - RMS of FW/HW output
Vdc(FW/HW) - AVE of FW/HW output
Alternative Ripple Factor Formula (involving C-Filter and Load Resistance at the FW/HW outpit)
r = 1 / (4√3 * fCR)
f - Frequency
C - Capacitance
R - Load Resistance
Formula for peak-to-peak Ripple Voltage of a halfwave rectifier (including C-Filter)
Vrpp = Idc / fC
Idc - Direct Current (DC) Current in the circuit
f - Frequency
C - Capacitance
Formula for peak-to-peak Ripple Voltage of a Fullwave rectifier (including C-Filter)
Vrpp = Idc / 2fC
Idc - Direct Current (DC) Current in the circuit
f - Frequency
C - Capacitance
Formula for Average(dc) Voltage of a C-filter output
Vave = Vp(FW/HW) - (Vrpp(FW/HW) / 2)
Vp(FW/HW) - FW/HW Output Peak voltage (not ripple)
Vrpp(FW/HW) - peak-to-peak ripple voltage, either fullwave or halfwave
Formula for Peak Ripple Voltage
Vrp = √3 * Vr(rms)
Vrp - Ripple Peak Voltage
Vr(rms) - Ripple RMS Voltage
Alternative Ripple RMS Voltage for Halfwave Rectifiers
Vr(rms)HW = 0.386 * Vp
Vp - Halfwave output peak voltage
Alternative Ripple RMS Voltage for Fullwave Rectifiers
Vr(rms)FW = 0.308 * Vp
Vp - Fullwave output peak voltage
The four parts of a Voltage Regulator
- ) Series/Shunt Element
- ) Comparator
- ) Sampling Circuit
- ) Reference Voltage
Formula for Load Voltage of a Simple Series Voltage Regulator
VL = Vo = Vz - VBE
Vz - Zener Voltage
VBE - Voltage across BE junction of BJT Series Element(usually 0.7)
Formula for Load Voltage of a Simple Shunt Voltage Regulator
VL = Vo = Vz + VBE
Vz - Zener Voltage
VBE - Voltage across BE junction of BJT Series Element(usually 0.7)
In a Series Voltage Regulator, what part of the voltage regulator is in series with the load resistor?
Series element (usually BJT)
In a Shunt Voltage Regulator, what part of the voltage regulator is in parallel with the load resistor?
Shunt element (usually BJT)
What Device is usually used to provide the reference voltage of a voltage regulator?
Zener Diode
In a Fixed Voltage Regulator, the maximum input voltage allowed is usually ___________
Twice its rated output voltage
In a Fixed Voltage Regulator, the Minimum Input Voltage for operation is approximately ________
+-(Rated output voltage) +-2
+- depends on whether positive or negative supply
For Positive Fixed Voltage regulators, We use the ________ Family of ICs
7800 Series
For Negative Fixed Voltage regulators, We use the ________ Family of ICs
7900
The most famous IC used as an adjustable voltage regulator is the _______
LM317
The adjustable range of the LM317 IC
1.2 - 3.7 Volts
Formula for output voltage of an LM317 IC
Vo = Vref * (1 + R2/R1) + (Iadj * R2)
Iadj - Current coming from the adjustment leg of the LM317
R2 - Potentiometer, whose ends are connected to the ADJ leg and the ground of the circuit
R1 - Fixed resistor, whose ends are connected to the ADJ leg and the OUT leg of the LM317
Vref - Voltage across OUT leg and the ADJ leg
Typical value for Vref in LM317
Vref = 1.25 V
Typical Value for Iadj in LM317
Iadj = 100μA
Ideal Load/Voltage Regulation Value is ________
0%
No Load Voltage (>,
V(NL) > V(FL)
Formula for Source Regulation/Line Regulation
%SR = (Vh - Vl) / Vl x 100%
Vh - highest output voltage
Vl - Lowest output voltage
“SUSO, LAWLAW”
Ideal Line/Source Regulation Value is ________
0%
What does stability factor determine?
It Measures how effective the regulator is
A Positive Clamper has its Diode arrow pointing _______ the Capacitor
Toward
A Negative Clamper has its Diode arrow pointing _______ the Capacitor
Away from
A clamper consists of:
A Capacitor, a Diode, and the load in parallel to the diode
Another Term for Halfwave voltage doubler/tripler/quadrupler/etc
Villard Cascade
A Halfwave Voltage ‘n’ - ler(doubler, tripler, etc) involves ____ diodes and ____ capacitors
n diodes and n capacitors
