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Bryx_Electronics > Electrical Elements > Flashcards

Electrical Elements Flashcards

1
Q

What does a wire gauge represent?

A

the diameter of the entire wire, bigger gauge number, smaller diameter and vice versa

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2
Q

What are the common gauge numbers used in households?

A

10AWG - 5.261mm^2
12AWG - 3.309mm^2
14AWG - 2.081mm^2

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3
Q

Superconductor is also known as?

A

Cryogenic conductor

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4
Q

What material is the best conductor of electricity?

A

Silver, due to most number of free electrons per unit volume

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5
Q

which metals are the best conductors of electricity

A

Pure silver
Pure copper
Pure gold
Aluminum

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6
Q

What are wire-wound resistors?

A

Uses metal alloys that are independent of temperature like manganin and constantan, and have an inductive property

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7
Q

What are thin film resistors

A

Deposited thin metal(Ceramic Metal) on an insulating support, Has High Resistance, Has no Reactive property

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8
Q

What are carbon composition resistors?

A

low wattage fixed type made from carbon, Its size is proportional to the power it can handle

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9
Q

What is a rheostat?

A

variable resistor with only two terminals, used in high power and high voltage, wire-wound(has inductive property)

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10
Q

What is potentiometer

A

variable resistor used for low power and low current application, has 3 terminals

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11
Q

Resistors color code

A

1st significant, Second Significant, multiplier, tolerance,

Black        Black        0
Boys         Brown       1
Respect   Red           2
Our          Orange     3
Young      Yellow      4
Girl           Green       5
But           BLue        6
Violeta     Violet       7
Goes        Gray         8
White       White       9
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12
Q

What does the reliability (5th) band in a resistor indicate?

A

Reliability (in percent of failure per 1000 hours of use)

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13
Q

It is the fundamental source of electrical energy developed through the conversion of chemical or solar energy

A

Cell

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14
Q

Combination of two or more cells

A

Battery

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15
Q

These are not rechargeable cells, AND DO NOT HAVE RESISTANCE

A

Primary Cell

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16
Q

These are rechargeable cells AND HAVE RESISTANCE

A

Secondary Cells

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17
Q

Two common rechargeable cells

A

Lead-Acid used in automobiles

Nickel-Cadmium used in calculators/tools/photoflash units

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18
Q

Carbon-zinc (Leclanche): Classification and output voltage

A

Primary/1.5V designed for 70 degrees Farenheit operation

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19
Q

Zinc Chloride: Classification and output voltage

A

Primary/1.5V Heavy Duty type

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20
Q

Manganese Dioxide (alkaline): Classification and output voltage

A

Primary or Secondary/ 1.5V has low internal resistance

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21
Q

Mercuric Oxide: Classification and output voltage

A

Primary/1.35V

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22
Q

Silver Oxide: Classification and output voltage

A

Primary 1.5V

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23
Q

Lead Acid: Classification and output voltage

A

secondary 2.1V

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24
Q

Ni-Cd: Classification and output voltage

A

Secondary 1.25V

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25
Q

Nickel-Iron(Edison Cell): Classification and output voltage

A

Secondary 1.2V

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26
Q

Nickel-Metal hydride: Classification and output voltage

A

Secondary 1.2V, does not suffer memory effect

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27
Q

Silver-Zinc: Classification and output voltage

A

Secondary 1.5V

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28
Q

Silver Cadmium : Classification and output voltage

A

Secondary 1.1V

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29
Q

Battery Life expression

A

Battery Life(Hr)=Ampere-Hour rating(Ah)/Amperes Draws

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30
Q

Also called as Crowfoot cell/gravity cell/wet cell used in operating telegraphs and door bells

A

Daniel Cell

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31
Q

Also called as galvanic Cell, Named after Luigi Galvani

A

Voltaic Cell

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32
Q

Primary Cell with high output voltage, long shelf life, low weight and small and can provide 10x more energy

A

Lithium Cell

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33
Q

Very good power to weight ratio, often found in high end laptop

A

Lithium-ion battery

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34
Q

Used in electric vehicles

A

Metal-chloride battery

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35
Q

Other name for a capacitor

A

Condenser

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36
Q

Unit of capacitance is named after?

A

Michael Faraday

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37
Q

What is the reciprocal of capacitance?

A

Elastance, unit is daraf

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38
Q

What is Gauss Theorem

A

The total electric flux extending from a closed surface is equal to the algebraic sum of the charges inside the closed surface

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39
Q

Gauss Theorem mathematical Expression

A

ψ = Q
Wb(Unit of flux) = C(unit of charge)

ψ - # Electric Flux Lines
Q - Charges inside an enclosed surface

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40
Q

Electric Flux Density Formula

A

D=ψ/Area

where: ψ=total flux, Mx or Wb
A=Area, cm^2 or m^2

1 Tesla= 1Wb/m^2
1 Gauss = 1 Maxwell/cm^2

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41
Q

Electric Field Intensity Formula

A

E=F/Q

F= Newtons,
Q=Charge, Coulomb

in capacitors:

E=V/d

where V=voltage, d=plate separation

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42
Q

First law of Electrostatics

A

unlike charges attract each other while like charge repel each other

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43
Q

Second law of elecrostatics

A

the force of attraction or repulsion between charges is directly proportional to the product of the two charges but inversely proportional to the square of distance between them

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44
Q

Second law of statics mathematical formula

A

F = kq1q2/r^2

k=1/(4πεoεr)
εo=absolute permittivity, shift constant 32

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45
Q

What is permittivity?

A

It is the ratio of electric flux density to the electric field strength

ε=D/E (in Farads/m)

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46
Q

relative permittivity (εr) of teflon

A

2.0

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47
Q

relative permittivity (εr) of paper, paraffined

A

2.5

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48
Q

relative permittivity (εr) of mica

A

5.0

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49
Q

relative permittivity (εr) of transformer oil

A

4.0

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50
Q

It is the voltage required per unit length to establish conduction in a dielectric

A

Dielectric Strength or breakdown voltage

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51
Q

Dielectric strength of Air

A

75 V/mil
OR
3 x 10^6 (V/m)

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52
Q

Dielectric strength of Barium-strontium titanite(ceramic)

A

75 V/mil
OR
3 x 10^6 (V/m)

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53
Q

Dielectric Strength of transformer oil

A

400 V/mil

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54
Q

Formula for the energy stored in a capacitor

A

Wc=1/2*CV^2 or Q^2/2C

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55
Q

What is the electrical definition of capacitance?

A

Charge per unit volt
C=Q/V
Q=charge
V=Voltage

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56
Q

Formula for capacitance based on physical construction

A

C=(n-1)*(εA/d)

n=number of parallel plates
ε=permittivity
A=plate area
d=distance bet. plates

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57
Q

Series Capacitor’s total capacitance

A

Ct = 1 / ( {1 / C1} + {1 / C2} + ….)

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58
Q

Total charge in a series capacitor

A

Qt=Q1=Q2=Q3

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59
Q

Identical capacitors in series total capacitance

A

Ct=C/n

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60
Q

Total capacitive reactance on series capacitors

A

Xct=Xc1+Xc2+Xc3..

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61
Q

Parallel Capacitor Total capacitance

A

Ct= C1 + C2 + C3

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62
Q

Parallel Capacitor identical capacitors capacitance

A

Ct = nC

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63
Q

Parallel Capacitor total charge

A

Qt=Q1+Q2+Q3…

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64
Q

Parallel Capacitor capacitive reactance

A

Xct = 1 / ( {1/Xc1{ + {1/Xc2} + {1/Xc3} )

65
Q

capacitance of parallel-plate capacitor (with multiple dielectrics in between)

A

C = εoA / ( [d1/εr1] + [d2/εr2] + [d3/εr3] )

d1,d2,d3 - dielectric thickness within the parallel plates
εr1, εr2, εr3 - Relative Permittivity of the dielectrics

66
Q

Cylindrical capacitor formula

A

C = [ (εr*l) / (41.4log(b/a)) ] x10^-9

a=inner diameter of single core cable conductor
b=outer diameter
l=length of the cylindrical capacitor

67
Q

Capacitance of an isolated Sphere

A

C=4πε*r

r=radius of isolated sphere

68
Q

Capacitance of concentric sphere, out sphere is grounded

A

C=4πε(ab/(b-a))

a=inner radius
b-outer radius

69
Q

Capacitance of concentric sphere, inner sphere is grounded

A

C=4πε*b^2/(b-a)

a=inner radius
b-outer radius

70
Q

It is a measure of the ability of a coil to oppose any change in current through the coil. and store energy in the form of magnetic field

A

Self Inductance/inductance

71
Q

Formula of inductance in terms of physical dimensions

A

L=(μ)n^2A/l

μ=permeability of the core, H/m
N=number of turns
A=area of core, m^2
l-mean length of the core

72
Q

Formula of inductance in terms of electrical definition

A

L= Hd(Φ)/di

73
Q

Energy stored by an inductor

A

Wl=0.5L(I^2)

74
Q

What is faraday’s law

A

The voltage induced across a coil of wire equals the number of turns in the coil times the rate of change of magnetic field

Einductor = Nd(Φ)/dt = Ldi/dt

75
Q

What is lenz’s law?

A

An induced voltage effect is always such as to oppose the cause that produced it

76
Q

Lenz’s law mathematical expression

A

Einductor = - N*d(Φ)/dt

77
Q

Series inductors without mutual inductance

A

Lt=L1+L2+L3..

78
Q

Series inductors with mutual inductance

A

M=k*sqrt( L1 * L2 )

Lt(aiding) = L1 + L2 + 2M
Lt(opposing) = L1 + L2 - 2M

k-coupling coefficient
k = 0 if minimum(Blocked by Dielectric)
k = 1 if maximum(Uses Iron Core)

79
Q

Parallel inductors total inductance, aiding

A

Lt(aiding)=(L1*L2 - M^2) / (L1 + L2 - 2M)

80
Q

Parallel inductors total inductance, opposing

A

Lt(opposing)=(L1*L2 - M^2) / (L1 + L2 + 2M)

81
Q

Inductance of long coil

A

L=(μ)N^2*A/l

82
Q

Inductance of short coil

A

L=(μ)N^2*A/(l+.45d)

d - diameter of short coil

83
Q

Inductance in Toroidal coil with rectangular cross section

A

L=(μ)(N^2h / 2π) * ln (d2 / d1)

h=thickness, m
d2,d1=outer and inner diameters respectively
L - in μH

84
Q

Inductance of Circular Air core

A

L=0.07(RN)^2/(6R+9l+10b)

R=d/2+b/2
d=core diameter,in
b=coil buildup,in
l = coil thickness, in
L - in μH
85
Q

Inductance of magnetic core coil, no air gap

A

L = 0.012N^2(μ)A /lc

A - Area in cm^2
lc - magnetic path length (cm)
L - in μH

86
Q

Inductance of magnetic core coil, air gap

A

L = 0.012N^2*A /(lg + lc/(μ))

A - Area in cm^2
lc - magnetic path length (cm)
lg - gap length(cm)
L - in μH

87
Q

The unit of electrical power is named after>

A

James Watt

88
Q

Equivalent power (in watts) of 1 HP

A

1HP=746W

89
Q

Millman’s Theorem

A

the voltage across the parallel combination is the ratio of the algebraic sum of currents to the internal conductance

90
Q

Power transfer efficiency

A

n=Rl/(Rl+Rsource)x100%

91
Q

Inferred Absolute Zero Temperature of Copper

A

T(iazt) = -234.5 °C

92
Q

Inferred Absolute Zero Temperature of Silver

A

T(iazt) = -243 °C

93
Q

When a Conductor is cooled to the Inferred Absolute Zero Temperature, its resistance is __________

A

zero

94
Q

Resistivity of Copper (ρ20 in R = ρL/A)

A

ρ20 = 1.7 x 10^-8 Ω-meters

95
Q

Resistivity of Silver (ρ20 in R = ρL/A)

A

ρ20 = 1.5 x 10^-8 Ω-meters

96
Q

Resistivity of Gold (ρ20 in R = ρL/A)

A

ρ20 = 2.4 x 10^-8 Ω-meters

97
Q

Resistivity of Aluminum (ρ20 in R = ρL/A)

A

ρ20 = 2.6 x 10^-8 Ω-meters

98
Q

Thermistors are usually used as ______

A

Sensors

99
Q

Thermistors are either _____ or ______

A

PTC, NTC

100
Q

In a Light Dependent Resistor, its resistance is (Directly/Inversely) Proportional to the illumination on the device

A

Inversely

101
Q

When does the resistance of a Light Dependent resistor reach maximum value?

A

When Completely Dark

102
Q

What do you call the maximum resistance of a Light Dependent Resistor?

A

Dark Resistance

103
Q

In a Voltage Dependent Resistor, its resistance is (Directly/Inversely) Proportional to the Voltage Across the device

A

Inversely

104
Q

Voltage Dependent Resistors are usually used for _________

A

Circuit Protection

105
Q

The Cross Sectional Area of a conductor assumed by the unit of Circular Mil looks like a _____

A

Square ¯_(ツ)_/¯

CM = d^2

d - diameter of cable

106
Q

The Cross Sectional Area of a conductor assumed by the unit of Square Mil looks like a ______

A

Circle ¯_(ツ)_/¯

SM = (π/4)CM
= (π/4)d^2

d - diameter of cable

107
Q

Mil is short for ______

A

Milli-inch (1 x 10^-3)

108
Q

When 4th Band of a resistor has no color, what is the Tolerance%? And the tolerance Letter Designation?

A

+- 20% (M)

109
Q

When 4th Band of a resistor has the color Brown, what is the Tolerance%? And the tolerance Letter Designation?

A

+- 1% (F)

110
Q

When 4th Band of a resistor has the color Red, what is the Tolerance%? And the tolerance Letter Designation?

A

+- 2% (G)

111
Q

When 4th Band of a resistor has the color Green, what is the Tolerance%? And the tolerance Letter Designation?

A

+- 0.5% (D)

112
Q

When 4th Band of a resistor has the color Blue, what is the Tolerance%? And the tolerance Letter Designation?

A

+- 0.25% (C)

113
Q

When 4th Band of a resistor has the color Violet, what is the Tolerance%? And the tolerance Letter Designation?

A

+- 0.1% (B)

114
Q

When 4th Band of a resistor has the color Gold, what is the Tolerance%? And the tolerance Letter Designation?

A

+- 5% (J)

115
Q

When 4th Band of a resistor has the color Silver, what is the Tolerance%? And the tolerance Letter Designation?

A

+- 10% (K)

116
Q

When 4th Band of a resistor has the color Gray, what is the Tolerance%? And the tolerance Letter Designation?

A

+- 0.05% (A)

117
Q

When 5th Band of a resistor has the color Brown, what is the Reliability?

A

1%

118
Q

When 5th Band of a resistor has the color Red, what is the Reliability?

A

0.1%

119
Q

When 5th Band of a resistor has the color Orange, what is the Reliability?

A

0.01%

120
Q

When 5th Band of a resistor has the color Yellow, what is the Reliability?

A

0.001% (MOST RELIABLE)

121
Q

When the 3rd Band of a resistor is Gold, What is the Multiplier used?

A

x 10^-1

122
Q

When the 3rd Band of a resistor is Silver, What is the Multiplier used?

A

x 10^-2

123
Q

When the 3rd Band of a resistor is Pink, What is the Multiplier used?

A

x 10^-3

124
Q

The property of a battery that determines how efficient its quantity of storage is

A

Ampere-Hour (AH) efficiency

125
Q

Formula for AH Efficiency(η)

A 
η(AH) =  AH(discharge) / AH(charge)
η(AH) =  I(d)*t(d) / I(c)*t(c)

I(d) and I(c) - Discharging/Charging Current
t(d) and t(c) - Discharging/Charging time

126
Q

The property of a battery that determines how efficient its storage of Energy is

A

Watt-Hour Efficiency (WH)

127
Q

Formula for WH(Watt-Hour) Efficiency(η)

A

η(WH) = WH(discharge) / WH(charge)
η(WH) = P(d)t(d) / P(c)t(c)
η(WH) = [ V(d)I(d)t(d) ] / [ V(c)I(c)t(c) ]
but η(AH) = I(d)t(d) / I(c)t(c)
———————————————
Therefore: η(WH) = η(AH) * (V(d) / V(c))
———————————————
V(d) and V(c) - Discharging/Charging Voltage
P(d) and P(c) - Discharging/Charging Power
I(d) and I(c) - Discharging/Charging Current
t(d) and t(c) - Discharging/Charging time

128
Q

What does Temperature resistance coefficient of a material describe?

A

When temperature increases by 1 °C, the resistance increases by (Temperature resistance coefficient) Ohms

129
Q

Temperature resistance coefficient (α20) of:

Gold

A

3.7 x 10^-3 ( /°C)

130
Q

Temperature resistance coefficient (α20) of:

Silver

A

3.8 x 10^-3 (/°C)

131
Q

Temperature resistance coefficient (α20) of:

Copper

A

3.93 x 10^-3 ( /°C)

132
Q

Temperature resistance coefficient (α20) of:

Aluminum

A

4 x 10^-3 ( /°C)

133
Q

Temperature resistance coefficient (α20) of:

Nichrome

A

0.4 x 10^-3 (/°C)

134
Q

Temperature resistance coefficient (α20) of:

Manganin

A

0.03 x 10^-3 ( /°C)

135
Q

Temperature resistance coefficient (α20) of:

Constantan

A

0.008 x 10^-3 ( /°C)

136
Q

Relative Permittivity (εr) of rubber

A

3

137
Q

Relative Permittivity (εr) of Pyrex

A

5.6

138
Q

Dielectric Strength (V/m) of Teflon

A

60 x 10^6 (V/m)

139
Q

Dielectric Strength (V/m) of Rubber

A

27.55 x 10^6 (V/m)

140
Q

Dielectric Strength (V/m) of Paper

A

16 x 10^6 (V/m)

141
Q

Dielectric Strength (V/m) of Mica

A

197 x 10^6 (V/m)

142
Q

Dielectric Strength (V/m) of Pyrex

A

14 x 10^6 (V/m)

143
Q

Capacitor Color Coding

A

Same as Resistance color coding

Although, for 4th Band Tolerance :
Green is 5% in capacitors, not like 0.5% in resistors
Grey is 80%-20% in capacitors
White is 10% in capacitors
Red is 2% in capacitors
yellow is 3% in capacitors

(No reliability)

144
Q

When reading capacitance values, the unit represented by a colored/numbered code is in ___________

A

PICO farads (pF)

145
Q

Capacitor Number Coding

A

Capacitor Nimber Coding contain 4 characters:

Char. 1 and 2, are the 1st and 2nd digit of capacitance value
Char. 3 is the multiplier
Char 4 is the Letter Designation for Tolerance(Same as Resistor)

146
Q

Capacitor Number Coding:

When 3rd Char is equal to 0, the multiplier used for the capacitance is:

A

1 pF

147
Q

Capacitor Number Coding:

When 3rd Char is equal to 1, the multiplier used for the capacitance is:

A

10

148
Q

Capacitor Number Coding:

When 3rd Char is equal to 2, the multiplier used for the capacitance is:

A

100

149
Q

Capacitor Number Coding:

When 3rd Char is equal to 3, the multiplier used for the capacitance is:

A

1000

150
Q

Capacitor Number Coding:

When 3rd Char is equal to 4, the multiplier used for the capacitance is:

A

10,000

151
Q

Capacitor Number Coding:

When 3rd Char is equal to 5, the multiplier used for the capacitance is:

A

100,000

152
Q

Capacitor Number Coding:

When 3rd Char is equal to 6 or 7, the multiplier used for the capacitance is:

A

N/A

153
Q

Capacitor Number Coding:

When 3rd Char is equal to 8, the multiplier used for the capacitance is:

A

0.01

154
Q

Capacitor Number Coding:

When 3rd Char is equal to 9, the multiplier used for the capacitance is:

A

0.1

155
Q

Alternative Formula for Mutual Inductance(Given aiding and opposing inductance)

A

M = (Lta - Lto) / 4

Lta -Total aiding Inductance
Lto - Total opposing Inductance

156
Q

Inductance of Rectangular Air core

A

L = 0.07*(CN)^2 / (1.908C + 9l +1 0b)

C= d + Y + 2b
d=core hole length,in
Y=core hole width, in
b=coil buildup,in
l = coil thickness
L - in μH
157
Q

Inductor Color Coding

A

Same as Resistor( 1st, 2nd, Multiplier, Tolerance)

158
Q

What is the unit that represents the value of a Color Coded Inductor?

A

MICRO Henrys (μH)

Bryx_Electronics (11 decks)

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