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Bryx_Electronics > Advanced Electronics Engineering (Industrial) > Flashcards

Advanced Electronics Engineering (Industrial) Flashcards

1
Q

It is a four layer pnpn or npnp device with a control mechanism. It is a solid-state semiconductor device similar to diode with an extra control terminal gate

A

Thyristor

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2
Q

The main terminals of a thyristor

A

Anode and cathode

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3
Q

control terminal of a thyristor

A

gate

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4
Q

What is the control signal for SCR?

A

current pulse

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5
Q

For GTO, what is the control signal?

A

voltage pulse

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6
Q

for LASCR, what is the control signal?

A

light (both light and a gate current can work to control the LASCR simultaneously)

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7
Q

In what type of applications are thyristors usually used?

A

High voltage and High current

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8
Q

The process where the change of polarity of the currents cause the device to automatically switch off

A

Zero Cross operation

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9
Q

Is the voltage that must be overcome which SCR enters the conduction region(Vak required to turn ON the thyristor)

A

Forward breakover voltage

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10
Q

The minimum value of Anode - Cathode current which the SCR switches from the conduction state to the forward blocking region, (required anode current for SCR to remain turned ON)

A

Holding Current

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11
Q

These are the regions corresponding to the open-circuit condition for the controlled rectifier which block the flow of charge (current) from anode to cathode

A

Forward and reverse blocking region

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12
Q

Maximum Reverse Voltage of Vak before SCR Breaks down into the Zener or avalanche region of the device

A

Reverse breakdown voltage

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13
Q

Power output of Thyristors

A

up to 4kA

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14
Q

It is a gas-filled triode vaccum tube, served as the basis for the transistor

A

Thyratron

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15
Q

Turn off time for SCR

A

5-30 μs

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16
Q

Turn off time for SCS

A

1-10 μs

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17
Q

Maximum anode current and Power dissipation of SCS

A

100-300 mA
100-500 mW
(SCS have much lower max. power dissipation than SCR)

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18
Q

It is a type of Silicon controlled Rectifier that can be turned on or off by applying a pulse of gate current and turned off by applying a pulsed negative bias

A

Gate Turn-Off Switch

Highly advantageous since it can be turned on or off by applying the proper pulse polarity to gate cathode

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19
Q

Gate triggering current for GTO

A

20mA

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20
Q

Gate Triggering current for SCR

A

30μA

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21
Q

Turn off and turn on time of GTO

A

1μs

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22
Q

How do you turn of an LASCS

A

remove or reverse the positive bias

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23
Q

This transistor has a stable negative resistance, also known as double-based diode

A

UJT

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24
Q

It is a four layer pnpn diode with only two external terminals. It is considered a unilateral or unidirectional break over device.

A

Shockley diode

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25
Q

It is a silicon diode exhibiting very high resistance up to a certain level, beyond which the device switches to low resistance conducting state

A

Thyrector

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26
Q

A DIAC is comparable to two ______ Conencted in reverse parallel

A

Shockley Diodes

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27
Q

A TRIAC is comparable to two ______ Conencted in reverse parallel

A

SCRs

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28
Q

It is used to assist in the turn off of Triac

A

snubber circuit

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29
Q

It is a unilateral or unidirectional break-over device, Similar to a Shockley Diode with a gate terminal

A

Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS)

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30
Q

It is SUS connected back-to-back in parallel. It is a low-voltage and low-current device

A

Silicon bilateral switch (SBS)

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31
Q

Any point on the principal voltage-current characteristic for which the differential resistance is zero and where the principal voltage reaches maximum value

A

Breakover Point

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32
Q

A generic term for the current through the collector junction. Note: it is the current through main terminal 1 and main terminal 2 of a triac or anode and cathode of SCR

A

Principal Current

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33
Q

5 basic welding intervals

A 
Squeeze
Weld
Hold
Release
Standby
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34
Q

It is defined as the difference in the measured value and the set or desired value.

A

Error/difference signal//deviation and system deviation

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35
Q

The condition wherein the error signal is zero

A

Null

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36
Q

Small error signal or system deviation where the system cannot correct anymore

A

Offset

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37
Q

Characteristics of a good closed-loop control system

A

Very small offset signal
Quick Response
High Stability

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38
Q

Modes of Control Systems

A 
On-Off
Proportional
Proportional plus Integral
Proportional plus Derivative
Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative
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39
Q

It is a mode of control wherein the controller has only two operating states, on and off.

A

On-Off (also known as bang-bang control)

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40
Q

The controller has a continuous range of possible position

A

Proportional (P)

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41
Q

It is a proportional mode of control where wherein the controller is not only considering the magnitude of the error signal but as well as the time that it has persisted

A

Proportional plus Integral (PI)

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42
Q

Proportional mode of control wherein the controller is not only considering the magnitude of the error signal, but as well as its rate of change

A

Proportional plus Derivative(PD)

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43
Q

It is a mode of control wherein the controller considers the error signal magnitude, error signal period of occurrence, and error signal rate of change

A

Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID)

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44
Q

It is generally due to the person using the instrument, such as incorrect reading, incorrect recording or incorrect use of instrument, AKA Human error

A

Gross errors

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45
Q

Absolute Error formula

A

E = Y - X
Y=expected value
X=measured value

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46
Q

Accuracy Formula

A

A = 1 - E

E = %error
A - Accuracy expressed in %

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47
Q

It converts a non electrical signal (pressure/temperature) into and electrical signal

A

Transducer

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48
Q

It is required to process the incoming electrical signal to make it suitable for application to the indicating device

A

Signal device

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49
Q

It is generally a deflection-type meter for such general-purpose instruments as voltmeters, current meters or choppers

A

Indicating device

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50
Q

Who patented the permanent magnet-moving-coil (PMMC)

A

Jacques d’Arsonval, 1881

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51
Q

An error due to the real ammeter’s resistance adds to the branch, in a way that it reduces the current in any real circuit

A

Insertion/Resistance error

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52
Q

Meter Accuracy Formula

A

%A = Iwₘ / Iwₒₘ = Rₒ/(Rₒ+Rₘ)
Rₘ=meter resistance
Rₒ=resistance of the circuit

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53
Q

% Insertion error in ammeter formula

A

%Insertion error = ( 1 - %A)x100%

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54
Q

Ammeter shunt Resistance formula

A

Rₛₕ = ( Ifₛ / (Iₜ - Ifₛ) )*Rₘ

Rₛₕ=shunt resistance, Ω
Ifₛ=full scale current, A
Rₘ=meter resistance, Ω
Iₜ=New Full Scale Current/Total Current, A

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55
Q

Input resistance of the shunted meter, Rᵢₙ₍ₛₕ₎

A

Rᵢₙ₍ₛₕ₎ = Rₘ⋅Rₛₕ / (Rₘ+Rₛₕ) (parallel)
=Vᵢₙ/Iᵢₙ
=(Ifₛ/Iₜ)Rₘ

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56
Q

Ayrton Shunt for multiple range ammeter formula

A

R₍ₛₕ₎ = Rₘ / (n - 1)
n = Iₜ / Ifₛ
n - is the factor by which you increase the Full Scale Current to a new full scale current, Iₜ

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57
Q

How is a simple DC voltmeter constructed?

A

By placing a resistor in series(Rs) with a meter and marking the meter face to read the voltage across

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58
Q

DC Voltmeter formula for voltage

A

V=(Rₛ+Rₘ)*Iₘ

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59
Q

Meter Sensitivity formula of a DC Meter (ammeter, ohmmeter, voltmeter)

A

S=1/Ifₛ (expressed as Ω/V)

S is the reciprocal of the full-scale current of the ammeter used in voltmeter

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60
Q

Voltmeter Accuracy

A

%Accuracy = Vwₘ / Vwₒₘ = (Rᵢₙ / (Rᵢₙ + Rₒ))

Rin = Rvoltmeter = Rm + Rs
Ro = Resistance of circuit taken across the element/s of voltage inquiry without the influence of the Voltmeter resistance(Rm + Rs)

for 99% accuracy, Rᵢₙ>100Rₒ
for 95% accuracy, Rᵢₙ>20Rₒ

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61
Q

Voltmeter Loading Error

A

%E = (1 - A) x 100%

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62
Q

This device can be constructed simply with battery, an ammeter and a resistor in series

A

Ohmmeter

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63
Q

Meter deflection formula for Ohmmeter

A

D = Iu / Ifₛ= Rin / (Rin + Rᵤ)

Iu - current at Ru
Rin = Ro(adjustable resistance) + Rm(meter resistance)
Rᵤ = Load Resistance/ Resistance in question

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64
Q

AC Voltmeter - Half wave Formulas

A

Rₛ = (Vdc / Ifₛ) - Rₘ
=( 0.45 Vᵣₘₛ / Ifₛ) - Rₘ

Sₐc = 0.45*Sdc = 0.45 / Ifₛ

Rₛ=multiplier resistor (in series with the meter)
Ifₛ=full-scale current
Vdc=dc voltage that cause full-scale deflection
Vᵣₘₛ=ac voltage intended to measure
Sₐc=ac meter sensitivity
Sdc=dc meter sensitivity

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65
Q

AC Voltmeter-Full wave Formulas

A

Rₛ = (Vdc / Ifₛ) - Rₘ
=( .9 Vᵣₘₛ / Ifₛ) - Rₘ

Sₐc = 0.9S*dc = 0.9 / Ifₛ

Rₛ=multiplier resistor (in series with the meter)
Ifₛ=full-scale current
Vdc=dc voltage that cause full-scale deflection
Vᵣₘₛ=ac voltage intended to measure
Sₐc=ac meter sensitivity
Sdc=dc meter sensitivity

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66
Q

It is a DC type bridge which can accurately measure resistances. It consists of two parallel branches with each branch containing two series elements, usually resistors.

A

Wheatstone Bridge

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67
Q

Wheatstone Bridge formula for measuring unknown resistance

A

FORMULA ONLY HOLDS WHEN CURRENT ACROSS THE BRIDGE LOAD IS 0 A:

Ru = R3 * (R₁/R₂)

R3 - Adjustable resistor on the same branch of Ru
R1 and R2 - resistors that constitute the other branch of the wheatstone bridge

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68
Q

It is a simplification of the Wheatstone Bridge/ The ratio arm (R₁/R₂) is replaced by either manganin wire or german silver wire of uniform cross section with exactly 100cm long.

A

Slide-Wire Bridge

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69
Q

Slide Wire bridge formula

A

Ru=R*( [100/S] - 1 )

Ru - unknown resistance
R - Resistance on the same branch as Ru
S - the resistance on the sliding wire that pairs with R (imagine a bridge, S and R are the resistances at the bottom half of the ammeter bridge)

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70
Q

It is a modified version of the wheatstone bridge eliminating the effects of contact and lead resistance when measuring unknown low resistance

Also, determine the range of resistances it can measure

A

Kelvin Bridge

1Ω to about 1μΩ)

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71
Q

Two applications of DC bridge for loop test

A

Murray loop method

Varley loop method

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72
Q

It is used to measure the impedance of a capacitive circuit. AKA capacitance comparison bridge/series capacitance

A

Similar-Angle Bridge

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73
Q

A photoelectric instrument the optical reflectance of a reflecting surface.

A

Reflectometer

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74
Q

In fiber optics, this instrument is used to analyze the reflected light energy and helps determine the existence and location of breaks and losses in splices and connector

A

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

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75
Q

A Vacuum Tube Diode Employs the process of _______ to perform Diode Rectification

A

Thermionic Emission

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76
Q

What is Thermionic Emission

A

The Production of electrons through heat

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77
Q

The heating element used to heat the plate in a vaccuum tube diode operates at what voltage? Is it AC or DC?

A

6.3 Volts, AC

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78
Q

The Supply Voltage in a Vaccuum Tube diode is connected in what manner?

A

Positive at the Anode, Negative at the Cathode

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79
Q

A Vacuum tube diode with a grid terminal

A

Triode

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80
Q

The voltage at the grid terminal is (Positive/Negative) With respect to the cathode of the device

A

Negative

Therefore, VGG is a negative supply

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81
Q

The Voltage that controls the diode current in a vacuum tube diode

A

Grid Voltage (VGG, supplied by a negative voltage supply at the grid terminal)

82
Q

The magnitude of the Supply Voltage (Vak) must be (>,

A

|Vak| > |VGG|

83
Q

A Popular Circuit Breaker that uses thyristors and zener diodes

A

Crowbar Circuit Breaker

84
Q

Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) were invented at _______ in _________

A

Bell Telephone Labs, 1956

85
Q

Typical Power Rating of an SCR

A

10 MW

86
Q

Typical Voltage Rating of an SCR

A

1.8 KV

87
Q

Typical Current Rating of an SCR

A

2 KA

88
Q

Typical Max. Operating Freq. of an SCR

A

50 kHz

89
Q

An SCR can be represented as a _____ and ______ Transistor in tandem

A

PNP, NPN

90
Q

Two methods of turning off an SCR

A
  • Anode Current Interruption

- Forced Commutation

91
Q

Two Types of Anode Current Interruption

A
  • Series Interruption (Most effective method)

- Shunt Interruption

92
Q

In a Series Interruption method of turning off an SCR, a ________ Switch is placed in ________ to the ________

A

Normally Closed/Break switch
placed in series
to the anode

93
Q

In a Shunt Interruption method of turning off an SCR, a ________ Switch is placed in ________ to the ________

A

Normally open/Make Switch
Placed In parallel
to the Anode-Cathode terminals of the SCR

94
Q

Two Types of Forced Commutation

A
  • Place an external Triggering Capacitor in parallel to an SCR (Must have opposing Voltage to Vak)
  • Use an NPN Turn off circuit (Consists of [BJT switch connected to a supply voltage] in parallel to the SCR, that when turned on, opposes Vak, turning off the device)
95
Q

Formula for the Breakback Voltage (Vbb)

A

Vbb = Vbrf - Vhc

Vbrf - Forward Breakover voltage
Vhc - Voltage @ Holding Current

96
Q

Increasing the Gate Current of an SCR (increases/decreases) the required Forward Breakover Voltage for conduction

A

Decreases

97
Q

The current required at the gate to sustain Anode-Cathode Conduction in an SCR

A

Gate Trigger Current

98
Q

The Maximum Anode-Cathode DC Current that an SCR can withstand

A

Average Forward Current

99
Q

A Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS) is a __ Terminal Device

A

4 (Tetrode, the only tetrode in the Thyristor Family)

100
Q

A Silicon Controlled Switch(SCS) has ___ gate terminals

A

two (Anode gate and Cathode gate)

101
Q

The advantage of an SCS compared to an SCR

A

Increased Control and Triggering Sensitivity

102
Q

An SCR has a special property, where we can easily predict its __________

A

Firing Situation

103
Q

Describe the Firing Situation

A
  • There is a certain firing angle α, where during this period, the device does not conduct. Only after the Firing angle does the output waveform appear. this non-conduction portion repeats every cycle of the waveform
  • Looks like a “Vertical Clipping” of the waveform
104
Q

Describe the Firing angle(α)

A

α is a period of time in a waveform, expressed as an angle (Radians), where 2π represents the angle for the whole period, and π represents the halfwave period

During the Firing angle α, the output of the device is non-conductive (No waveform appears)

105
Q

A GTO (Gate Turn Off Switch) is usually doped (heavier/lighter) than a normal thyristor

A

Lighter

106
Q

Lighter Doping in the GTO will result into a (lower/higher) AK Resistance

A

Higher

107
Q

The required current for Turn-on/Turn-off at the gate of a GTO must be (______) * (Anode-Cathode Current)

A

1/5 * Anode-Cathode Current

108
Q

Anoter name for the shockley diode

A

4 layer diode

109
Q

A Shockely Diode has __ Gate terminals

A

0 (No gate teminal)

110
Q

A Shockley Diode is similar to an SCR, only that a Shockley Diode has a ________

A

Fixed Forward Breakover Voltage (since there is no control gate terminal)

111
Q

Typical Forward Breakover Voltage of a Shockley Diode

A

60 Volts

112
Q

DIACs have ___ Gate Terminals

A

0 (No Gate terminals)

113
Q

DIACs have ___ Forward Breakover Voltages

A

two fixed Vbrf (one Vbrf in the positive half cycle, another Vbrf in the negative half cycle)

114
Q

Typical Forward Breakover Voltage of a DIAC

A

20-40V

115
Q

A TRIAC has ____ Forward Breakover Voltages

A

Two Variable Vbrf (one Vbrf in the positive half cycle, another Vbrf in the negative half cycle)

Vbrf controlled by gate current)

116
Q

A TRIAC has ______ Gate terminals

A

One (simultaneously and equally controls Vbrf’s in both current directions)

117
Q

A Silicon Bilateral Switch (SBS) can operate Alternating Current.
True or False?

A

True

118
Q

Both SUS and SBS have __ Gate terminals

A

one

119
Q

SBSs are normally used to trigger ________

A

TRIACS and Control Systems

120
Q

SBSs have a more pronounced _________

A

Negative Resistance Region

121
Q

The ‘AC’ in TRIAC and DIAC stands for _______

A

Alternating Current

122
Q

A Unijunction Transistor has ____ Terminals

A

3 (Emitter, Base 1, Base 2)

Hence its other name, Double Based Diode

123
Q

A Unijunction Transistor has ____ Layers of semiconductors

A

2 layers (one P-type, one N-type)

124
Q

A Programmable UJT (PUT) have _____ Layers of Semiconductors

A

4 layers (Similar to SCR)

125
Q

The Gate Terminal of a PUT is located at the (anode/cathode) gate

A

Anode Gate

For an SCR, the gate terminal is located at the Cathode gate. That is the only physical difference of an SCR and a PUT

126
Q

What is the required condition for PUT Conduction?

A

When Vak > Vgate

Vgate controlls the turn on voltage

127
Q

A DIAC and a TRIAC have ____ anodes

A

two anodes (A1 and A2)

128
Q

Three functions of Instruments

A
  • Indicating
  • Controlling
  • Recording
129
Q

The Comparison of a quantity to an accepted standard quantity

A

Measurement

130
Q

Governing Body that Facilitates International Standards

A

International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Located in Paris)

131
Q

Pertains to standards at a National Level

A

Primary Standards

132
Q

Standards in Industrial Labs, in which measuring tools are calibrated based on Primary Standards

A

Secondary standards

133
Q

Standards in General Laboratory Instrument Calibrations

A

Working Standards

134
Q

Three Categories of Error

A
  • Gross Error
  • Systematic Error
  • Random Error
135
Q

Errors that persist due to the instruments and/or the environment

A

Systematic Error

136
Q

The accumulation of small, unavoidable errors

A

Random Error

137
Q

Formula for % Error

A

%E = (Absolute error / Expected Value) x100%

138
Q

Formula for Presicion

A

Note: Requires a sample space/set of data

P = 1 - abs| (Xn - Xn(bar)) / Xn(bar) |

Xn - Datapoint in inquiry
Xn(bar) - Mean Value of data points

139
Q

Three types of DC meters

A
  • Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC, D’Arsonval)
  • Iron Vane
  • Electrodynamometer
140
Q

Two types of moving coils in a DC meter

A
  • Jewel and Pivot

- Taut Band Suspension

141
Q

Maximum Full Scale Current of a Jewel and Pivot moving coil

A

Ifs = 50μA

142
Q

Maximum Full Scale Current of a Taut Band Suspension moving coil

A

Ifs = 2μA

143
Q

The Advantages/Disadvantages of a Taut Band Suspension VS Jewel and Pivot

A

ADV: More sensitive
DISADV: More Expensive

144
Q

Part of a PMMC that is attached to the needle tail, and eliminates the gravitational influence on the needle

A

counterweight

145
Q

Part of a PMMC that counters the deflecting force of the electromagnetic force

A

Spring

146
Q

Part of a PMMC that contains a pivot, which will allow movement proportional to the current passing through it

A

moving coil

147
Q

Part of a PMMC that provides the visual indicator of measurement

A

Pointer

148
Q

Part of a PMMC meter that provides the magnetic field for the moving coil

A

magnet

149
Q

Part of the PMMC that allows pointer calibration for re-positioning to initial position when Current through the moving coil is zero

A

Zero Adjustable Control

150
Q

The 3 Forces involved in a PMMC

A
  • Deflecting Force
  • Damping Force
  • Controlling Force
151
Q

The force in a PMMC that prevents pointer oscillation

A

Damping Force

152
Q

The force that returns the pointer to initial position @ I = 0A

A

Controlling Force

153
Q

Force exerted by the moving coil in the presence of a current through it

A

Deflecting Force

154
Q

The most Basic DC Metter

A

Ammeter

155
Q

The current through the moving coil that causes Full Scale Deflection of the pointer

A

Full scale current (Ifs)

156
Q

An Ideal ammeter have the following properties:

A
  • Meter resistance (Rm) is equal to zero

- deflection is linearly proportional to current through the moving coil

157
Q

Error in measurement attributed to inaccurate meter face, not properly marked

A

Calibration Error

158
Q

Formula for Calibration Error

A

CE = +- 3% of Ifs

159
Q

Insertion Error is usually expressed in _______

A

% Accuracy

160
Q

For a DC Meter, the Ideal Accuracy/ Ideal Error is:

A

100% Accuracy, 0% Error

161
Q

In order to obtain ‘n’% Accuracy, Rwom must be ___ times greater than the Meter Resistance (Rm)

A

For ‘n’% Accuracy:

Rwom = n*Rm

Rwom - Resistance without the meter
Rm - Meter Resistance
n - desired percentage of accuracy(do not include %; ex. for 99% accuracy, Rwom = 99*Rm)

162
Q

An Ammeter Configuration that allows a greater current measurement

A

Ammeter Shunt (Shunting an Rsh to the ammeter)

163
Q

When the load changes, the Full scale current of a DC meter __________

A

DOES NOT CHANGE

Ifs is an unchanging inherent property of the meter alone

164
Q

With an ammeter, The higher the resistance of the circuit to be measured (Rwom) is compared to the Meter Resistance (Rm), the higher the __________ will become

A

Accuracy

165
Q

When we are to design an ammeter that can detect a new Full Scale Current (Iₜ2) that is ‘n’ times greater than the current full scale current (Iₜ1) of a specific ammeter(that has an existing shunt resistor (Rsh1) designed for Ifs1), what is the value of the new shunt resistor to adjust for the new Iₜ2 current?

A

If Iₜ1 is to become Iₜ2 = n*Iₜ1, then the new resistor shunt is to be changed from Rsh1 to:

Rsh2 = Rsh1 / n

166
Q

The Shunt resistance must be _______ than Meter Resistance

A

Much much lesser

167
Q

Two Types of Multirange Ammeters

A
  • Switched Shunt

- Ayrton Shunt

168
Q

Disadvantage of a Switched Shunt

A

There are moments when a shunt resistor will not stay shunted to the meter when transitioning from one shunt resistor to another, allowing all the current to pass through the meter, damaging it

169
Q

Advantage of an Ayrton Shunt

A

while switching, there is no instance that there is no shunted resistance to the ammeter, preventing damage

170
Q

The Shunt Resistances in the Ayrton Shunt are connected in ________

A

Series

171
Q

The Voltmeter Resistance (Rin = Rm +Rs) is ideally

A

∞ Ohms

172
Q

Formula for Series Resistance of Voltmeter

A

Derived from Voltmeter Voltage Formula:

Rs = (Vt / Ifs) - Rm

173
Q

The Ohmmeter resistance (Ro) is adjustable because it is used to:

A

Correct for battery aging

174
Q

How is the Adjustable Ohmmeter resistance (Ro) adjusted?

A
  1. ) Short the Ohmmeter
  2. ) Adjust the Adjustable Ohmmeter Resistance (Ro) until full scale deflection is achieved in the face of the meter

Formula for Ro when voltmeter is shorted
Ro = (Vaged / Ifs ) - Rm

Vaged - the current voltage of the aged battery
Ifs - fullscale curent (remember, this property does not change regardless of battery aging or load)
Rm - meter resistance

3.) Un-short the ohmmeter

175
Q

The Value of Deflection Factor(D) when Ru(unknown resistance) is 0 ohms (short circuit)

A

D = 1

176
Q

The Value of Deflection Factor(D) when Ru(unknown resistance) is (Rin / 3) ohms

(Rin = Ro (adjustable resistance of ohmmeter) + Rm(meter resistance)))

A

D = 0.75

177
Q

The Value of Deflection Factor(D) when Ru(unknown resistance) is (Rin) ohms

(Rin = Ro (adjustable resistance of ohmmeter) + Rm(meter resistance)))

A

D = 0.5

178
Q

The Value of Deflection Factor(D) when Ru(unknown resistance) is (3*Rin) ohms

(Rin = Ro (adjustable resistance of ohmmeter) + Rm(meter resistance)))

A

D = 0.25

179
Q

The Value of Deflection Factor(D) when Ru(unknown resistance) is (∞) ohms (open circuit)

(Rin = Ro (adjustable resistance of ohmmeter) + Rm(meter resistance)))

A

D = 0

180
Q

A Deflection Factor of 1 means that the pointer is located at the __________ of the meter face

A

Rightmost portion of the meter face

181
Q

A Deflection Factor of 0 means that the pointer is located at the __________ of the meter face

A

Leftmost portion of the meter face

182
Q

What Device is placed in series with a DC Voltmeter circuit to become an AC Halfwave Voltmeter

A

Diode

183
Q

What Device is placed in series with a DC Voltmeter circuit to become an AC Fullwave Voltmeter

A

Transformer + Diode Bridge Curcuit

or

Center tapped transformer with two diodes

184
Q

A Peak Detector consists of:

A

A diode-capacitor circuit (looks like a clamper)

and a Voltmeter across the capacitor

185
Q

The most accurate type of DC meter

A

DC Bridge Meter

186
Q

When a bridge is balanced in a DC Bridge meter, the load in between the two nodes will have a current of _____ amperes through it

A

0

187
Q

Following up on the fact that the bridge is balanced, and that the current through the load is 0 A, what can you say about the voltages on either end nodes of the load resistor?

A

they are equal in value

188
Q

in a Wheatstone Bridge, what is the element connected as the “Bridge” of the circuit?

A

Ammeter (Checks if current at bridge is 0A, to determine if the bridge is balanced)

189
Q

A DC Bridge used to measure fault distances

A

Varley Loop

190
Q

A DC Bridge used to measure fault distances, but it is a simplified varley loop

A

Murray Loop

191
Q

A wheatstone bridge used to measure reactances and impedances

A

AC Bridges

192
Q

The AC Bridge that measures an unknown Inductance given a capacitance in its branch

A

Maxwell Bridge

193
Q

Maxwell Bridge Construction

A

1st branch, above: Capacitor || potentiometer
1st branch, below: potentiometer
2nd branch, above: Fixed Resistor
2nd Branch, below: unknown Inductor (including coil resistance in series)

194
Q

The AC Bridge that is similar to the Maxwell Bridge, but the branch where a potentiometer and a capacitor are in parallel, is connected in series instead

A

Hay Bridge

195
Q

Maxwell Bridge Construction

A

1st branch, above: Capacitor in series with potentiometer
1st branch, below: potentiometer
2nd branch, above: Fixed Resistor
2nd Branch, below: unknown Inductor (including unknown coil resistance in series)

196
Q

The AC Bridge extensively used for measuring capacitances and dissipation factors

A

Schering Bridge

197
Q

Schering Bridge Construction

A

1st branch, above: Variable Capacitor || fixed resistor
1st branch, below: Fixed capacitor
2nd branch, above: Fixed Resistor
2nd Branch, below: unknown Capacitor (including unknown stray resistance in series)

198
Q

The AC Bridge extensively used to measure Frequency

A

Wein Bridge

199
Q

Wein Bridge Construction

A

1st branch, above: Capacitor(C1A) in series with fixed potentiometer(Rpot1A)
1st branch, below: Capacitor(C1B) || with fixed potentiometer(Rpot1B)
2nd branch, above: Fixed Resistor(Rfix2A)
2nd Branch, below: Fixed Capacitor(Rfix2B)

UNKNOWN: Frequency of the AC source connected to the circuit

200
Q

Formula for frequency measured by a wein bridge

A

1.) Adjust potentiometers so that Bridge is balanced:

Rfix2A / Rfix2B = (Rpot1A / Rpot1B) + (C1B / C1A)

2.) f = 1 / { 2π*sqrt(C1A * C1B * Rpot1A * Rpot1B) }

Bryx_Electronics (11 decks)

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