Electron Chain Reaction: Respiration

Question 1

Where is the location of the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 1

Cristae

Question 2

What is first released at start of Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 2

ELECTRONS by NADH and FADH2

-Forms Electrochemical Gradient

Question 3

What is the energy from the electrons used for?

Answer 3

Used to pump protons/H ions

Question 4

What happens when Hydrogen ions exit back to matrix?

Answer 4

Drives the enzyme ATP Synthase produce ATP

Question 5

What can NADH not pass through and how is this overcome?

Answer 5

Mitochondrial Membrane

-Malate Aspartate Shuttles

Question 6

What are Malate Aspartate Shuttles?

Answer 6

• NADH formed from Glycolysis energy is used to form Oxaloacetate> Malate
• Malate formed is moved by Malate Transporters into Mitochondrial Matrix
• Malate is converted again> Oxaloacetate and forms NADH

Question 7

What is Phosphorylation Action Potential?

Answer 7

• Free energy change in ATP hydrolysis

- Measured by Gibbs free energy

Question 8

What is Electron Transfer Potential?

Answer 8

• E0

- Chance chemical species has to lose or receive electrons

Question 9

What does a Negative and Positive Electron Transfer Potential?

Answer 9

• Negative Eo – Low affinity for electrons

- Positive E0- High Affinity for electrons

Question 10

How is Electron Transfer Potential Measured?

Answer 10

-Redox Potential

Question 11

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Answer 11

-When ATP Synthesis is coupled with Electron Transport (Respiration)

Question 12

Name the two stages of Oxidative Phosphorylation.

Answer 12

1) Electron Transport

2) ATP Synthesis

Question 13

Describe the Electron Transport Stage in Electron Transport.

Answer 13

• When NADH and FADH2 release electrons and combine with final acceptor- Oxygen form water
• Energy used to pump hydrogens out matrix
• transfer from one molecule to another release energy

Question 14

Describe ATP Synthesis Stage in Electron Transport Chain

Answer 14

-Uses energy stored to form ATP

Question 15

Is Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis Synthesised by the same proton pump.

Answer 15

-NO

Question 16

What is the Respiratory Chain and complexes associated?

Answer 16

• X4 Multi-subunit complexes
• X3 of Complexes pump H+
• Electrons are given to carriers with increasingly Positive Redox Potentials-HIGH.-Ability to gain or lose electrons
• Electrons are transferred to O2 to form H2O
• Cytochromes assist

Question 17

What are Cytochromes?

Answer 17

• Proteins
• Help the Respiratory Chain
• Contains the Haem Prosthetic Group
• Contains Fe(II)

Question 18

How is the. Electrochemical Gradient formed?

Answer 18

• Hydrogen ions and electrons released by Dehydrogenase enzymes
• Formed by being more H+ in intermembrane space than in the Matrix (outside)
• Matrix side is then more negative as less protons
• Protons want to flow back to matrix along Electrochemical Gradient
• This flow (Electron Transport Chain) is coupled with ATP Synthesis

Question 19

What Enzyme is required for ATP Synthesis?

Answer 19

-ATP Synthase

Question 20

What sub-units is ATP Synthase composed of?

Answer 20

• F1, F0, (rotate ATP Synthase)
• Alpha, Beta and Delta Sub-Units- form Stator (holds ATP in place)
• Gamma and Epsilon- Form the rotor which is spun

Question 21

How is Oxidative Phosphorylation inhibited?

Answer 21

/inhibition Electron Transport Chain

• Cyanide, Axide and CO-inhibit transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to Oxygen acceptor
• No proton gradient formed
• No ATP Synthesised

Question 22

What is energy of electrons used for?

Answer 22

-Form Electrochemical Gradient

Question 23

What is P:O Ratio used for?

Answer 23

• Proton:oxygen Ratio
• Measures ATP Synthase and Electron Transport coupling
• Influences ATP amount formed