Econ. Transformation, 1790-1860 Flashcards
This British immigrant built the first U.S. factory in 1791 and became known as the “Father of the Factory System.”
Samuel Slater
This road stimulated the construction of other privately built toll roads that by the mid-1820s connected most of the country’s major cities.
Lancaster Turnpike (road)
This paved highway and major route west was built with federal and state money.
National (Cumberland) Road
This canal in New York linked the economies of western farms and eastern cities. Inspired to build canals to join together the major lakes and rivers.
Erie Canal
This individual developed the first steamboat in 1807, the Clermont.
Robert Fulton
This new transportation system boomed in the late 1820s, which small western towns expanded into commercial centers of the national economy.
Railroads
This individual invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, which became the basis for mass production methods.
Elie Whitney
Elias Howe invented this new machine in 1846, which became a laborsaving device for women.
Sewing machine
In the communication field, Samuel F.B. Morse in 1844 was the first to send a message through what machine?
Telegraph
Corporations could raise capital (money) by selling shares of what in a company?
Stock
Individuals could invest their money in what, which led to the building of factories, canals, and railroads for profits.
Corporations
Manufacturing in the United States led to the growth of which two industries?
Banking and Insurance
This was the name of the system in Lowell, Massachusetts that recruited young unmarried farms girls to work in textile (cloth) mills.
Lowell System & Lowell Girls
Women worked for low wages in horrible conditions and factories also made use of what other kind of labor?
Child labor
Long hours, low pay, and poor working conditions led to widespread discontent among factory workers.These organizations of workers in the early 1790s grew rapidly with the development of the factory system.
Unions (Trade Unions or Craft Unions)
Due to Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, cotton became the most profitable cash crop in which region of the United States?
South
The cotton gin allowed Southerners to increase their profits greatly. Where did Southern farmers begin to invest their money in huge sums?
Expansion of Slavery (Slaves)
This term refers to the concept that farmers fed the workers in the cities, who in turn provided farm families with an array of mass-produced consumer goods.
Market Revolution
What term is used to describe one’s loyalty to a particular region?
Sectionalism
Northern states were bound together by which two economic necessities?
Improved transportation and expansion of manufacturing
Low pay, long hours, and unsafe working conditions caused unions to organize. Which Supreme Court case ruled that unions had the right to negotiate?
Commonwealth v. Hunt
This term refers to the rapid growth of cities that led to crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime.
Urbanization
What did John Deere invent?
Steel plow
What did Cyrus McCormick invent?
Mechanical reaper
From the founding of the country to the surge of immigration between 1830-1860, where did most immigrants come from?
Northwestern Europe
Name four reasons why immigrants came to the United States?
- Inexpensive ocean transportation
- Famines and revolutions in Europe
- America has economic opportunities
- America offers political freedom
What two benefits did immigrants provide for U.S. businesses?
Immigrants provided cheap labor and increased demand for consumer goods
Half our early immigrants came from which country? This country had a potato famine in the 1840s. These people also faced discrimination in America because of their Roman Catholic religion.
Ireland or the Irish
Germans were another immigrant group that came to America. They were skilled farmers and artisans. They also were staunch opponents of what?
Slavery
The flood of immigrants in the U.S. caused resentment among Americans. Furthermore, American Protestants distrusted Catholics, which led to which antiforeign party?
Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which later became the Know-Nothing Party
What is the term that is used to describe anti-immigrant Americans?
Nativists
What became king in the South during the industrial revolution in the United States?
King Cotton
What is the term given to describe America before the Civil War?
Antebellum
Southern slavery earned what nickname in the North whenever it was being discussed?
The “Peculiar Institution”
Which African slave planned a revolt in South Carolina in 1822. He would be captured and later executed.
Denmark Vesey
Which African slave planned a revolt in Virginia in 1831. 60 whites were killed and Southerners blamed The Liberator (antislavery newspaper) for the revolt.
Nat Turner
The Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner slave revolts drove southern states to further tighten what?
Strict slave codes
What four groups made up white society before the industrial revolution became widespread throughout the Northeast?
- Aristocracy (wealthy planters)
- Farmers (fewer than 20 slaves)
- Poor Whites (no slaves)
- Mountain people (disliked slaves)
These individuals were pushed further and further west as white settlers encroached on their original homelands.
Native Americans
What term is used to describe the western territories that settlers began to occupy. These western territories offered new opportunities and land.
The Frontier
