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Year 2 Cardiovascular > ECG I and II: Basic principles > Flashcards

ECG I and II: Basic principles Flashcards

1
Q

where does the first depolarization event occur?

A

high left septum

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2
Q

the depolarization of the entire conduction system occurs in what segment of the ECG?

A

PR interval

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3
Q

does the SA node depolarization inscribe a surface ECG wave?

A

no

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4
Q

what does the PR interval reflect?

A

time of impulse conduction from AV junction to ventricular myocardium

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5
Q

why is the T wave upright at the same time the QRS complex is upright?

A

opposite event traveling in the opposite direction

two negatives make a positive

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6
Q

what is reflected by the QRS complex?

A

summation of all depolarization forces throughout both ventricles

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7
Q

what is reflected by the T wave?

A

summation of all repolarization events in both ventricles

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8
Q

ST segment corresponds to what phase of the cardiac AP?

A

phase 2

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9
Q

what is the standard paper speed?

A

25mm / sec

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10
Q

small squares count how much time?

A

0.04 s

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11
Q

large squares count how much time?

A

0.20 s

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12
Q

5 large squares count how much time?

A

1 s

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13
Q

what is a normal HR?

A

60-100 bpm

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14
Q

how do you check regularity? (2 methods)

A
  1. R-R interval

2. same number of P waves as QRS complexes

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15
Q

what factors are checked to determine waves and complexes? (4 methods)

A

duration
amplitude
morphology
vector

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16
Q

what do the P waves record?

A

both atrial depolarizations

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17
Q

in which direction do the atria depolarize?

A

top right to lower left

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18
Q

what is the polarization of the P wave in avR (for normal sinus rhythm)?

A

negative

19
Q

what is the normal duration of P waves?

A

less than 0.12 s

20
Q

what is the typical voltage of P waves?

A

less than 25 mV

21
Q

what is the best lead to look at P waves?

A

lead 2

22
Q

the PR interval records events from what areas?

A

atrium through:

AVN
His
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

23
Q

what is the normal duration of the PR interval?

A

0.12 - 0.20 s

24
Q

a PR interval over 0.20 s indicates what condition? is it pathologic?

A

first degree AV block

not necessarily pathologic; increases with age

25
Q

what does a short PR interval mean?

A

pre-excitation

26
Q

what is the normal duration of the QRS interval?

A

0.07 s - 0.11 s

27
Q

a tall or deep QRS indicates what phenomenon?

A

increased muscle mass or chamber dilation

28
Q

what does ‘low voltage’ mean?

A

less than 5mm in all limb leads

29
Q

what is the normal duration of Q waves?

A

less than 0.03 s

30
Q

Q waves are normal in which leads?

A

avR, II, III, avF, avL, V4-6

31
Q

the R wave comes from what area of the heart? it normally goes toward what lead?

A

high left septum?

lead I

32
Q

which wave decreases in amplitude from V1-6?

A

S wave

33
Q

which segment of the ECG recording is normally isoelectric?

A

ST

34
Q

the ST segment represents what period?

A

when ventricle remains depolarized

35
Q

what is the J point? what is the morphology? what does the morphology depend upon?

A

junction where QRS and ST segment merge

may be isoelectric, elevated, or depressed

repolarization abnormality

36
Q

what do the T waves represent?

A

ventricular repolarization

37
Q

what is the typical amplitude of T waves in limb leads?

A

less than 5 mm

38
Q

what is the typical amplitude of T waves in V leads?

A

less than 10 mm

39
Q

T waves are generally concordant with what part of the ECG recording?

A

QRS complex

40
Q

what is one of the first events in acute MI?

A

elevated T waves

41
Q

U waves are more noticeable in what circumstances?

A

hypokalemia

presence of quinidine and similar drugs

42
Q

what does the QT interval represent? from where is it measured?

A

duration of entire cardiac cycle - activation and repolarization of entire ventricular myocardium (entire time it takes the heart to cycle one time)

beginning of QRS to end of T

43
Q

what do prolonged QT intervals mean?

A

predispose to sudden death

Year 2 Cardiovascular (43 decks)

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