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Year 2 Cardiovascular > Atherosclerosis > Flashcards

Atherosclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the risk multiplier for 2 risk factors in atherosclerosis? 4 risk factors?

A

2 risk factors - 4x

4 risk factors - 7x

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2
Q

ratio of LDL:HDL should not exceed what value for atherosclerosis risk?

A

4:1

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3
Q

which lipoprotein is a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis, independent of LDL?

A

lipoprotein a

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4
Q

type I familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency is characterized by an increase in what molecule?

A

chylomicrons

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5
Q

type IIa familiarl hypercholesterolemia is characterized by an increase in what molecule?

A

LDL

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6
Q

type IIB familial combined hypercholesterolemia is characterized by an increase in what molecule?

A

LDL and VLDL

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7
Q

type III familial type III lipoproteinemia is characterized by an increase in what molecule?

A

IDL

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8
Q

type IV familial hypertriglyceridemia is characterized by an increase in what molecule?

A

VLDL

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9
Q

type V only familial AI/CII deficiency is characterized by an absence in what molecule?

A

no HDL (severe atherosclerosis)

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10
Q

after age 45, what represents a stronger risk factor than hypercholesterolemia?

A

HTN

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11
Q

early injury to endothelial cells leads to the overexpression of what molecule? what is its role?

A

VCAM-1

increases cellular adhesion and recruits inflammatory cells, release cytokines

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12
Q

which molecule is released by macrophages, SMCs, and endothelial cells, and recruits more monocytes in the media leading to proliferation of SMCs?

A

monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)

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13
Q

MCP-1 is released by what cells?

A

macrophages
SMCs
endothelial cells

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14
Q

which stain is used for lipids?

A

oil red O

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15
Q

what are the key features of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. smooth muscle cell proliferation
  2. accumulation of CT elements (collagen, elastin, proteoglycans)
  3. lipid deposition (intra and extracellular)
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16
Q

what are the characteristic lesions of atherosclerosis?

A

fatty streaks
proliferative lesions
fibrofatty plaques (atheromas)

17
Q

what occurs once the grumous (necrotic) core is exposed?

A

immediate coagulation

18
Q

what are the primary therapies for atherosclerosis?

A

statins
control BP, DM, clotting
diet / lifestyle

19
Q

what are the secondary therapies for atherosclerosis?

A

TPA
angioplasty with stent (coronary, carotid)
CABG

20
Q

an ABPI of what value or higher is considered abnormal? what does it suggest?

A

1.3

calcification of walls of arteries and incompressible vessels (peripheral vascular disease)

21
Q

what is the glagov’s coronary remodeling hypothesis?

A

overstretch of serosa causes outward expansion first, before inward luminal obliteration

22
Q

what % decrease in lumen size precludes enough dilation to meet demands for increased blood flow?

A

70-80%

Year 2 Cardiovascular (43 decks)

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