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Psychology - PSYA3 > Eating Behaviour - Biological Explanations > Flashcards

Eating Behaviour - Biological Explanations Flashcards

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0
Q

Evolutionary explanations of eating behaviour?

A

Evolution of food preferences in the EEA

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1
Q

Neural mechanisms involved in eating behaviour?

A

Homeostasis, lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, neurotransmitters, drugs, neural control of cognitive factors

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2
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Act of detecting the state of the internal environment and correcting the situation to restore it to it’s optimum state

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3
Q

Role of the lateral hypothalamus?

A

Hunger centre which turns on eating

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4
Q

LH is activated by?

A

Decrease of glucose and increase of ghrelin

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5
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

Hormone produced in the stomachs lining

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6
Q

Damage to the LH in rats caused…

A

Aphagia (absence of eating)

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7
Q

Role of the VMH?

A

Satiety centre for turning off eating

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8
Q

Turns on eating?

A

LH

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9
Q

Turns off eating?

A

VMH

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10
Q

VMH is activated by?

A

Rise of glucose and leptin, decrease of ghrelin and CCK release

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11
Q

What is leptin?

A

LT satiety signal by fat cells

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12
Q

Damage to the VMH in rats caused…

A

Hyperphagia (excess of eating)

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13
Q

Gold?

A

Damage to the VMH tends to damage the para ventricular nucleus

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters involved in eating?

A

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Noradrenaline (NE)
Serotonin

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15
Q

Role of NPY?

A

Turns on eating

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16
Q

NPY is found in…

A

The hypothalamus

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17
Q

Wilkens?

A

NPY can cause rats to immediately begin feeding, even when satiated

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18
Q

Research on NPY?

A

Wilkens

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19
Q

Role of NE?

A

Stimulates feeding when injected into the PVN, but reduces feeding when injected into the perfornical area

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20
Q

Role of serotonin?

A

Activated muscles in gastrointestinal tract used for feeding and causes decrease in food intake

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21
Q

Drugs influencing eating?

A

Nicotine, amphetamines and marijuana

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22
Q

Role of amygdala in eating?

A

Selection of foods on the basis of past experience

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23
Q

Research on amygdala?

A

Rolls and rolls

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24
Q

Rolls and rolls?

A

Amygdala-intact rats would initially avoid novel foods and consume familiar ones, but those with surgically removed amygdalas would consume familiar and novel foods indiscriminately

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25
Q

Strengths of explanations of neural mechanisms?

A

Real life applications

26
Q

Weaknesses of neural explanations of eating behaviour?

A

Reductionist
Animal studies
Contradicting evidence

27
Q

Real life applications of neural explanation of eating?

A

Yang et al

28
Q

Yang et al?

A

Vicious cycle where NPY produced in the brain leads to more eating and production of more fat cells, which produce more NPY - we must target those at risk and turn it off

29
Q

Reductionism in the neural explanation of eating?

A

For hunger mechanisms to be adaptive they must both anticipate and prevent energy deficits, not just react

30
Q

Animal studies in the neural explanation of eating?

A

Tenuous and difficult to extrapolate

31
Q

Contradicting evidence for neural explanation of eating?

A

Marie et al

32
Q

Marie et al?

A

Mice genetically engineered so they didn’t produce NPY shower no subsequent decrease in eating behaviour

33
Q

Where was the EEA?

A

2 million years ago on the African savannah

34
Q

Obesogenic environment?

A

Factors in our environment now support being obese - our food focus has changed as it is no longer about eating enough to avoid malnutrition

35
Q

Research on sweet foods?

A

Harris

36
Q

Harris?

A

Babies like sweet tastes from birth

37
Q

Why do we like sweet foods?

A

Rich in carbohydrates and energy, our ancestors were frugivores

38
Q

Why do we like salty foods?

A

To replace salts lost through sweating on the savannah as they’re critical to cell functioning

39
Q

Research on salty foods?

A

Denton

40
Q

Denton?

A

Innate preferences for salty foods in animals

41
Q

Why do we like umami?

A

Receding forests forced hunting, catalyst for brain growth

42
Q

Research on umami foods?

A

Milton

43
Q

Milton?

A

Humans would’ve never evolved to be an active, intelligent species without meat

44
Q

Why do we not like sour foods?

A

May’ve gone off

45
Q

Why don’t we like bitter foods?

A

May be poisonous

46
Q

Why do we like fatty foods?

A

High levels of energy needed in the EEA

47
Q

Research on fatty foods?

A

Burnham and Phelan

48
Q

Burnham and Phelan?

A

Preference for fatty foods comes from times of food scarcity where we needed calories

49
Q

Evolved tastes in early diets?

A 
Sweet
Salty
Umami
Sour and bitter
Fatty
50
Q

Research on taste aversion?

A

Garcia et al

51
Q

Garcia et al?

A

Rats made ill through radiation after eating saccharin developed an aversion to it

52
Q

Research on the medicine effect?

A

Garcia et al

53
Q

Garcia et al? (Medicine effect)

A

When a distinctive flavour was presented to a thiamine deficient rat before an injection of thiamine, they acquired a preference for that flavour

54
Q

Strengths of evolutionary explanations for eating?

A

Real life applications

55
Q

Weaknesses of evolutionary explanations for eating?

A

Reductionist
Unfalsifiable
Ignores cultural influence

56
Q

Real life applications of evolutionary explanations for eating?

A

Scapegoat technique in chemo - Bernstein and Webster

57
Q

Bernstein and webster?

A

Gave patients a novel tasting ice cream prior to chemo and they acquired an aversion to it

58
Q

Reductionism in evolutionary explanations for eating?

A

Search for ultimate causes may mask proximate ones

59
Q

Unfalsifiablity in evolutionary explanations for eating?

A

Cordain et al v Abrams

60
Q

Cordain et al?

A

Ancestors could’ve been healthy eaters or vegetarians as they consumed most calories from sources other than animals

61
Q

Abrams?

A

Wouldn’t have been possible for ancestors to be vegetarians as they wouldn’t get sufficient calories

62
Q

Ignorance of cultural differences in evolutionary explanations for eating?

A

Evolved factors are modified by experiences determined by culture, eg spicy foods

Psychology - PSYA3 (13 decks)

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