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Psychology - PSYA3 > Aggression - Evolutionary Explanations > Flashcards

Aggression - Evolutionary Explanations Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary explanations of aggression?

A

Jealousy and infidelity

Group displays - sports and warfare

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2
Q

Research on jealousy?

A

Daly and Wilson

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3
Q

Daly and Wilson?

A

Men evolved different strategies to deter their female partners from committing adultery, from vigilance to violence

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4
Q

Aspects of jealousy?

A

Cuckoldry and sexual jealousy
Mate retention and violence
Sexual jealousy and extreme violence

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5
Q

Research on mate retention and violence?

A

Buss

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6
Q

Buss?

A

Mate retention strategies include ‘direct guarding’ (restricting autonomy) and ‘negative inducements’ (violence, threats, etc.)

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7
Q

Research on sexual jealousy and extreme violence?

A

Daly et al.

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8
Q

Daly et al?

A

male sexual jealousy is the most common motivation for killings in domestic disputes in the US

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9
Q

Strengths of explanations of jealousy?

A

RL applications

Research support

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10
Q

Weaknesses of explanations of jealousy?

A

Gender bias
Limited
Methodological flaws

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11
Q

Applications of explanations of jealousy?

A

mate retention tactics can be an early indicator of violence

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12
Q

Gender bias in explanations of jealousy?

A

Felson

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13
Q

Felson?

A

Women 2x more likely to murder out of jealousy than men

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14
Q

Limitations of explanations of jealousy?

A

Edlund and sagarin

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15
Q

Edlund and sagarin?

A

Research on jealousy doesn’t consider perceived locus of control or locus of responsibility between the female and male rival or degree of infidelity

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16
Q

Supporting research for explanations of jealousy?

A

Shackleford et al.

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17
Q

Shackleford et al?

A

Negative inducements and direct guarding positively correlated with violence scores, and emotional manipulation was a strong predictor for violence

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18
Q

Methodological flaws in explanations of jealousy?

A

Shackleford et al used surveys - prone to social desirability bias or pressure from partners

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19
Q

Research on infidelity?

A

Daley et al

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20
Q

Daley et al? (infidelity)

A

detection or suspicion of infidelity is a key predictor of violence

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21
Q

Aspects of infidelity?

A

Sexual coercion (partner rape)
Violence towards pregnant partners
Uxoricide

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22
Q

Research on sexual coercion?

A

Camilleri

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23
Q

Camilleri?

A

Sexual assault was directly linked with perceived risk of infidelity

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24
Q

Goetz et al?

A

Sexual coercion is a consequence of men’s perceptions or suspicions of sexual infidelity

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25
Q

Evolutionary benefit of violence towards pregnant partners?

A

Terminates pregnancy, eliminating a potential rival’s offspring and leaving her free to bear their own children

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26
Q

Research on uxoricide?

A

Daly and Wilson

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27
Q

Daly and Wilson? (uxoricide)

A

May be an unintended outcome of an adaption designed for control rather than death

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28
Q

Shackleford et al? (infidelity)

A

Not all men can ‘confer benefits’ so must ‘inflict costs’

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29
Q

Strengths of explanations of infidelity?

A

Supporting research

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30
Q

Weaknesses of explanations of infidelity?

A

Gender bias
Limitations
Historical bias

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31
Q

Gender bias in explanations of infidelity?

32
Q

Felson?

A

Women 2x more likely to murder out of jealousy in the US

33
Q

Support for explanations of infidelity (partner rape)?

A

Camilleri and Quinsey

34
Q

Camilleri and Quinsey?

A

Men convicted of raping partners (rather than non-sexual charges) were more likely to have experienced cuckoldry risks prior to the assault

35
Q

Support for explanations of infidelity (violence towards pregnant partners)?

A

Burch and Gallup

36
Q

Burch and Gallup?

A

Frequency of violent acts towards pregnant mates was roughly double of that directed to non-pregnant, with sexual jealousy characterising this

37
Q

Limitations of explanations of infidelity?

A

Buss and Shackleford

38
Q

Buss and Shackleford?

A

Infidelity cannot explain why different males respond in different ways when faced with infidelity (e.g. aggression, murder, getting drunk, etc.)

39
Q

Historical bias in explanations of infidelity?

A

It’s easier to leave your partner than it used to be

40
Q

Link between sports and aggression?

A

Sport is ‘ritualised aggression’ - the benefits of tribal warfare without the dangers

41
Q

Research on sport?

42
Q

Marsh?

A

Football hooliganism is the human equivalent of ‘ceremonial conflict’

43
Q

Aspects of aggression in sport?

A

Xenophobia and Territoriality

44
Q

Research on xenophobia?

45
Q

Macdonald?

A

It’s adaptive to exaggerate negative stereotypes about outsiders, as it’s less costly

46
Q

Podaliri and Balestri?

A

Evidence of xenophobic tendencies in Italian football crowds

47
Q

Research on territoriality?

A

Neave and Wolfson

48
Q

Neave and Wolfson?

A

Home teams are more likely to win due to a huge surge of testosterone before the match which doesn’t happen before away games or in training, goalkeepers have the highest surge

49
Q

Strengths of explanations of sport?

A

Support

RL applications

50
Q

Weaknesses of explanations of sport?

A

Contradicting evidence

51
Q

Support for explanations of sport?

52
Q

Foldesi?

A

In Hungarian football crowds the racist conduct of a core of extremist supporters led to an increase of spectator violence and xenophobic tendencies

53
Q

Contradicting evidence for explanations of sport?

A

Moore and Brylinksy

54
Q

Moore and Brylinksy?

A

Neither home advantage nor crowds increased the performance of 2 US basketball teams:
Siena - 76.25 av. in front of a crowd away, 86.2 av. without a crowd
Hartford - 64.29 av. in front of a crowd at home, 71.25 without a crowd

55
Q

Real life applications of explanations of sport?

A

Sheffield United’s ‘Football Unites, Racism Divides’ aims to minimise influence of xenophobia

56
Q

Aspects of warfare?

A

Benefits of aggressive displays

Costly displays signal commitment

57
Q

What happens to women in societies that experience frequent warfare?

A

Less likely to escape infanticide as they’re perceived as less useful than men, so there are less of them

58
Q

Research on benefits of aggressive displays?

A

Divale and harris

59
Q

Divale and harris?

A

men who do well are rewarded by access to female mates

60
Q

Chagnon?

A

In the Yanomamo tribe, success = high status = likely to have wives and children

61
Q

Research on the Yanomamo tribe?

62
Q

Research on costly displays?

63
Q

Irons?

A

The costliness of permanent displays (e.g. scars) serve as honest displays and demonstrate commitment

64
Q

Research on costly displays and defection?

65
Q

Thorpe?

A

Individuals have an incentive to avoid harm, but permanent displays minimise ability to abscond to increase commitment

66
Q

Weaknesses of explanations of tribal warfare?

A

Cultural bias
Gender bias
Reductionist
War not in the genes

67
Q

Strengths of explanations of tribal warfare?

A

Supporting research

68
Q

Supporting research for explanations of tribal warfare?

A

Leunissen and Van Vugt

69
Q

Leunissen and Van Vugt?

A

military men only had increased sex appeal when observed displaying bravery during warfare

70
Q

Culture bias in explanations of tribal warfare?

A

Research such as Chagnon focus on Eastern ideas and tribal warfare, where casualties are few and rewards great

71
Q

Gender bias in explanations of tribal warfare?

72
Q

Adams?

A

Whilst female warriors are generally unheard of, there are rare exceptions - why when there are little benefits and many costs for women (e.g. reproductive costs)?

73
Q

Reductionism in explanations of tribal warfare?

74
Q

Watson?

A

High levels of cruelty found in human warfare may be more a consequence of deindividuation than evolution

75
Q

War not in the genes in explanations of tribal warfare?

A

War emerged when humans shifted from a nomadic existence to a settled one - so it’s a rational response to a changing lifestyle/environment, not biological compulsions

Psychology - PSYA3 (13 decks)

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