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Psychology - PSYA3 > Aggression - Evolutionary Explanations > Flashcards

Aggression - Evolutionary Explanations Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary explanations of aggression?

A

Jealousy and infidelity

Group displays - sports and warfare

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2
Q

Research on jealousy?

A

Daly and Wilson

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3
Q

Daly and Wilson?

A

Men evolved different strategies to deter their female partners from committing adultery, from vigilance to violence

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4
Q

Aspects of jealousy?

A

Cuckoldry and sexual jealousy
Mate retention and violence
Sexual jealousy and extreme violence

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5
Q

Research on mate retention and violence?

A

Buss

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6
Q

Buss?

A

Mate retention strategies include ‘direct guarding’ (restricting autonomy) and ‘negative inducements’ (violence, threats, etc.)

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7
Q

Research on sexual jealousy and extreme violence?

A

Daly et al.

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8
Q

Daly et al?

A

male sexual jealousy is the most common motivation for killings in domestic disputes in the US

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9
Q

Strengths of explanations of jealousy?

A

RL applications

Research support

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10
Q

Weaknesses of explanations of jealousy?

A

Gender bias
Limited
Methodological flaws

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11
Q

Applications of explanations of jealousy?

A

mate retention tactics can be an early indicator of violence

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12
Q

Gender bias in explanations of jealousy?

A

Felson

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13
Q

Felson?

A

Women 2x more likely to murder out of jealousy than men

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14
Q

Limitations of explanations of jealousy?

A

Edlund and sagarin

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15
Q

Edlund and sagarin?

A

Research on jealousy doesn’t consider perceived locus of control or locus of responsibility between the female and male rival or degree of infidelity

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16
Q

Supporting research for explanations of jealousy?

A

Shackleford et al.

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17
Q

Shackleford et al?

A

Negative inducements and direct guarding positively correlated with violence scores, and emotional manipulation was a strong predictor for violence

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18
Q

Methodological flaws in explanations of jealousy?

A

Shackleford et al used surveys - prone to social desirability bias or pressure from partners

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19
Q

Research on infidelity?

A

Daley et al

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20
Q

Daley et al? (infidelity)

A

detection or suspicion of infidelity is a key predictor of violence

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21
Q

Aspects of infidelity?

A

Sexual coercion (partner rape)
Violence towards pregnant partners
Uxoricide

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22
Q

Research on sexual coercion?

A

Camilleri

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23
Q

Camilleri?

A

Sexual assault was directly linked with perceived risk of infidelity

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24
Q

Goetz et al?

A

Sexual coercion is a consequence of men’s perceptions or suspicions of sexual infidelity

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25
Evolutionary benefit of violence towards pregnant partners?
Terminates pregnancy, eliminating a potential rival's offspring and leaving her free to bear their own children
26
Research on uxoricide?
Daly and Wilson
27
Daly and Wilson? (uxoricide)
May be an unintended outcome of an adaption designed for control rather than death
28
Shackleford et al? (infidelity)
Not all men can 'confer benefits' so must 'inflict costs'
29
Strengths of explanations of infidelity?
Supporting research
30
Weaknesses of explanations of infidelity?
Gender bias Limitations Historical bias
31
Gender bias in explanations of infidelity?
Felson
32
Felson?
Women 2x more likely to murder out of jealousy in the US
33
Support for explanations of infidelity (partner rape)?
Camilleri and Quinsey
34
Camilleri and Quinsey?
Men convicted of raping partners (rather than non-sexual charges) were more likely to have experienced cuckoldry risks prior to the assault
35
Support for explanations of infidelity (violence towards pregnant partners)?
Burch and Gallup
36
Burch and Gallup?
Frequency of violent acts towards pregnant mates was roughly double of that directed to non-pregnant, with sexual jealousy characterising this
37
Limitations of explanations of infidelity?
Buss and Shackleford
38
Buss and Shackleford?
Infidelity cannot explain why different males respond in different ways when faced with infidelity (e.g. aggression, murder, getting drunk, etc.)
39
Historical bias in explanations of infidelity?
It's easier to leave your partner than it used to be
40
Link between sports and aggression?
Sport is 'ritualised aggression' - the benefits of tribal warfare without the dangers
41
Research on sport?
Marsh
42
Marsh?
Football hooliganism is the human equivalent of 'ceremonial conflict'
43
Aspects of aggression in sport?
Xenophobia and Territoriality
44
Research on xenophobia?
Macdonald
45
Macdonald?
It's adaptive to exaggerate negative stereotypes about outsiders, as it's less costly
46
Podaliri and Balestri?
Evidence of xenophobic tendencies in Italian football crowds
47
Research on territoriality?
Neave and Wolfson
48
Neave and Wolfson?
Home teams are more likely to win due to a huge surge of testosterone before the match which doesn't happen before away games or in training, goalkeepers have the highest surge
49
Strengths of explanations of sport?
Support | RL applications
50
Weaknesses of explanations of sport?
Contradicting evidence
51
Support for explanations of sport?
Foldesi
52
Foldesi?
In Hungarian football crowds the racist conduct of a core of extremist supporters led to an increase of spectator violence and xenophobic tendencies
53
Contradicting evidence for explanations of sport?
Moore and Brylinksy
54
Moore and Brylinksy?
Neither home advantage nor crowds increased the performance of 2 US basketball teams: Siena - 76.25 av. in front of a crowd away, 86.2 av. without a crowd Hartford - 64.29 av. in front of a crowd at home, 71.25 without a crowd
55
Real life applications of explanations of sport?
Sheffield United's 'Football Unites, Racism Divides' aims to minimise influence of xenophobia
56
Aspects of warfare?
Benefits of aggressive displays | Costly displays signal commitment
57
What happens to women in societies that experience frequent warfare?
Less likely to escape infanticide as they're perceived as less useful than men, so there are less of them
58
Research on benefits of aggressive displays?
Divale and harris
59
Divale and harris?
men who do well are rewarded by access to female mates
60
Chagnon?
In the Yanomamo tribe, success = high status = likely to have wives and children
61
Research on the Yanomamo tribe?
Chagnon
62
Research on costly displays?
Irons
63
Irons?
The costliness of permanent displays (e.g. scars) serve as honest displays and demonstrate commitment
64
Research on costly displays and defection?
Thorpe
65
Thorpe?
Individuals have an incentive to avoid harm, but permanent displays minimise ability to abscond to increase commitment
66
Weaknesses of explanations of tribal warfare?
Cultural bias Gender bias Reductionist War not in the genes
67
Strengths of explanations of tribal warfare?
Supporting research
68
Supporting research for explanations of tribal warfare?
Leunissen and Van Vugt
69
Leunissen and Van Vugt?
military men only had increased sex appeal when observed displaying bravery during warfare
70
Culture bias in explanations of tribal warfare?
Research such as Chagnon focus on Eastern ideas and tribal warfare, where casualties are few and rewards great
71
Gender bias in explanations of tribal warfare?
Adams
72
Adams?
Whilst female warriors are generally unheard of, there are rare exceptions - why when there are little benefits and many costs for women (e.g. reproductive costs)?
73
Reductionism in explanations of tribal warfare?
Watson
74
Watson?
High levels of cruelty found in human warfare may be more a consequence of deindividuation than evolution
75
War not in the genes in explanations of tribal warfare?
War emerged when humans shifted from a nomadic existence to a settled one - so it's a rational response to a changing lifestyle/environment, not biological compulsions

Psychology - PSYA3 (13 decks)

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