E.4 - Managing Tourism And Sport For The Future

Question 1

What are the 3 ways carrying capacity can be thought as

Answer 1

• physical carrying capacity, which is the measure of absolute space, for example the number of spaces within a car park
• ecological capacity - the level of use that an environment can sustain before environmental damage occurs
• perceptual capacity - the level of crowding that a tourist will tolerate before deciding the location is too full.

Question 2

How has the urban hotspot Venice caused conflict

Answer 2

The historic centre of Venice comprises 700 ha with buildings protected from alterations by government legislation. There is a conflict of interest between those employed in the tourist industry (and who seek to increase the number of tourists) and those not employed in the tourist industry (and who wish to keep visitor numbers down).

Question 3

What is the optimum carrying capacity in Venice?

Answer 3

The optimum carrying capacity for Venice is 9.780 tourists who use hotel accommodation, 1,460 tourists staying in non-hotel accommodation and 10,857 day trippers on a daily basis. This gives an annual total of over 8 million people. This is 25 per cent greater than the number of tourists actually arriving in Venice.

Question 4

What is the tourism pattern for Venice?

Answer 4

However, the pattern of tourism is not even. There are clear seasonal variations with an increase in visitor numbers in summer and at weekends.
Research has estimated that an average of 37,500 day trippers visit Venice every day in August. A ceiling of 25,000 visitors a day has been suggested as the maximum carrying capacity for Venice.

Question 5

In the 2000s what happened to the carrying capacity of Venice?

Answer 5

In 2000 the carrying capacity of 25,000 visitors was exceeded on over 200 days and on seven days the visitor numbers exceeded 100,000.

Question 6

How are the local benefits of tourism in Venice declining?

Answer 6

The large volume of visitors who travel to Venice creates a range of social and economic problems for planners. The negative externalities of over-population stagnate the centre’s economy and society through congestion and competition for scarce resources. Day tripping is becoming increasingly important, while residential tourism is becoming less important. There have been complaints from local people of tourists sleeping on bridges, stealing gondolas for night-time rides, swimming in the canals, covering churches with graffiti, and even cooking in St Mark’s Square. Thus the local benefits of tourism are declining.

Question 7

How far is Venice felt a negative impact by tourism and how are they trying to control it?

Answer 7

The negative impact of tourism on Venice has resulted in a vicious circle of decline as day trippers, who contribute less to the local economy than resident visitors, replace the resident visitors as it becomes less attractive to stay in the city. A number ot measures have been taken to control the flooding of Venice by day trippers such as:
denying access to the city by unauthorized tour coaches via the main coach terminal
building gates around the city and charging visitors to enter.

Question 8

How has the local population fall in Venice?

Answer 8

the local population has fallen from 120,000 in the 1960s to 55,000 in 2015.

Question 9

How did an increase increase passengers affect the Venice economy?

Answer 9

Venice has seen an increasing number of cruise liners and passengers. In 2015, more than 650 boats docked, bringing over 2.2 million passengers. Over the same period, the value of tourism in Venice declined by €300 million. Cruise passengers do not stay in hotels, generally they do not eat large meals in Venice, and often they have their own guide.

Question 10

How has excessive tourism in Venice affected the tourism experience?

Answer 10

The excessive number of day trippers has also led to a deterioration in the quality of the tourist experience. This is significant in that it highlights problems affecting many historic cities around the world, especially those in Europe.

Question 11

What is the rural hotspot Brecon Beacons?

Answer 11

The Brecon Beacons National Park is located in the south of Wales and is one of the closest national parks to people living in cities such as London, Birmingham and Bristol.

Question 12

How is tourism in Brecon beacons affecting the local community?

Answer 12

The Llanthony Valley is a microcosm of all that is bad about tourists. They bring little or no benefit to an area but they cause disruption, irritation and problems. Farmers find it difficult at times to move animals and large machinery, they find their gates blocked, and are disrupted by pony-trekkers and sightseers driving slowly. For the tourist, the trip is merely a pleasurable drive and they gain little or no understanding about the community, the landscape or the heritage that they have passed through.

Question 13

How have the South Pembrokeshire partnership for action with real communities, planned to integrate local communities into tourism in Brecon Beacons?

Answer 13

One SPARC action plan improved infrastructure, footpaths and routes that linked tourist sites. Residents become involved in tourism developments in many ways:
• local produce is used wherever possible
• the majority of visitors stay in locally owned and managed accommodation
• the service sector is locally owned
• local manufacturers are encouraged to tap the tourist market for gifts, souvenirs, crafts and other projects.

Question 14

How is permanent environmental restructuring affecting the environment of that specific tourism hotspot ?

Answer 14

Stress -
Restructuring of local
environments
Expansion of built
environments
Land taken out of primary production

Environmental response -
Change in habitat
Change in population of species
Change in health and welfare of humans
Changes in visual quality

Question 15

How is the generation of waste affecting that specific tourism hotspot?

Answer 15

Stress -
Pollution loadings:
emissions, effluent discharge, solid waste disposal , noise (traffic, aircraft

Environmental response -
Change in quality of environmental media:
water
SOIl
Health of organisms
Health of humans

Question 16

Define sustainable tourism

Answer 16

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question 17

What are six things sustainable tourism has to do

Answer 17

• ensure that renewable sources are not consumed at a rate that is faster than the rate of natural replacement
- maintain biological diversity (biodiversity)
- recognize and value the aesthetic appeal of environments
• respect local cultures, livelihoods and customs
• involve local people in development processes
• promote equity in the distribution of the costs and benefits of tourism.

Question 18

State the 3 principles of sustainable tourism

Answer 18

• operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural resources
• recognizes the contribution of people in the communities, customs and lifestyles linked to the tourism experience
• accepts that people must have an equitable share in the economic benefits of tourism.

Question 19

In sustainable tourism, why must you
- use resources sustainably
- reduce overconsumption and waste
- Maintain biodiversity
-Support local economies

Answer 19

• using resources sustainably - the sustainable use of natural, social and cultural resources is crucial and makes long-term business sense
• reducing over-consumption and waste - this avoids the cost of restoring long-term environmental damage and contributes to the quality of tourism
• maintains biodiversity - maintaining and promoting natural, social and cultural diversities is essential for long-term sustainable tourism and creates a resilient base for industry
• supporting local economies - tourism that supports a wide range of local economic activities and which takes environmental costs and values into account both protects these economies and avoids environmental damage

Question 20

In sustainable tourism, why must you
- Involve local communities
- Train staff
- Market tourism responsibly
-Undertake research

Answer 20

• involving local communities - the full involvement of local communities in the tourism sector not only benefits them and the environment in general but also improves the quality of the tourism experience

• training staff - staff training that integrates sustainable tourism into work practices along with recruitment of local personnel of all levels improves the quality of the tourism product

• marketing tourism responsibly - such as encouraging tourists to visit sites during off-peak periods to reduce visitor numbers and when ecosystems are most robust; marketing provides tourists with the full and responsible information, increases respect for the natural social and cultural environments of destination areas and enhances customer satisfaction

• undertaking research - ongoing monitoring by the industry using effective data collection analysis is essential to help solve problems and to bring benefits to destinations, the industry, tourists and the local community

Question 21

What are the two key objectives for sustainable tourism?

Answer 21

• quality of the environment
• maximizing the economic benefit.

Question 22

Define ecotourism

Answer 22

Ecotourism is a “green” or “alternative” form of sustainable tourism.
It generally occurs in remote areas, with a low density of tourists. It operates at a fairly basic level. Ecotourism includes tourism that is related to ecology and ecosystems. These include game parks, nature reserves, coral reefs and forest parks. It aims to give people a firsthand experience of natural environments and to show them the importance of conservation.

Question 23

State the four characteristics of ecotourism

Answer 23

• planning and control of tourist developments, which must fit in with local conditions
• increasing involvement and control by local or regional communities
• being appropriate to the local area
• a balance between conservation and development, between
  environment and economics.

Question 24

What is the conflict between eco-tourism and access for visitors

Answer 24

areas where ecotourism occurs there is often a conflict between allowing total access to visitors and providing them with all the facilities they desire, and with conserving the landscape, plants and animals of the area. Another conflict arises when local people wish to use the resource for their own benefit rather than for the benefit of animals or conservation.

Question 25

Define ecotourism

Answer 25

Ecotourism has also been described as egotourism. Critics argue that ecotourists are trying to get closer to the environment and are perhaps causing much more damage than mass tourism. Backpackers, for example, are thought to be the greatest threat. They put little into the local economy but want to go to all the best places. As backpackers go off the beaten track they destroy more of the natural environment. By contrast, mass tourists use the prepared routes such as the ones bus tours follow.

Question 26

What are the future statistics for international tourism?

Answer 26

International tourist arrivals worldwide are expected to increase by 3.3 per cent a year over the period 2010 to 2030 to reach 1.8 billion by 2030. By 2030, arrivals in emerging destinations are expected to increase at twice the rate of those in advanced economies. The market share of emerging economies increased from 30 per cent in 1980 to 45 per cent in 2014, and is expected to reach 57 per cent by 2030, equivalent to over 1 billion international tourist arrivals.

Question 27

What is the forecast for destinations for international tourism?

Answer 27

International tourist arrivals in the emerging economy destinations of Asia, Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe, Eastern Mediterranean Europe, the Middle East and Africa will grow at double the rate of growth in advanced economy destinations. Consequently, arrivals in emerging economies are expected to exceed those in advanced economies before 2020.

Question 28

In which region were the biggest tourism group to be seen?

Answer 28

The strongest growth by region will be seen in Asia and the Pacific. The global market shares of Asia and the Pacific will increase from 22 per cent in 2010 to 30 per cent in 2030, whereas Europe’s share will decline from 51 per cent to 41 per cent.

Question 29

Explain Costa Rica’s tourism

Answer 29

Costa Rica attracts about 1 million visitors each year. Well-organized government promotions and a reputation as the safest country in Central America attract a large number of North American and European visitors. Costa Rica’s tourism is unusual in that a large part of it relates to special-interest groups, such as bird-watchers, and its dispersed small-scale nature is a form of sustainable ecotourism

Question 30

Why is the Monteverde cloud forest in Costa Rica attractive for visitors

Answer 30

Monteverde’s cloud forest is situated at a height of around 1,700 m. The Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve was established in 1972. Initially, it covered 328 ha but now covers around 14,200 ha. There are over 100 species of mammals, 400 species of birds, 1,200 species of reptiles and amphibians, and several thousand species of insect. The Santa Elena Cloud Forest Reserve was established in 1989 and was one of the first reserves in the country to be directly controlled by the local community. It is 310 ha in size, and is home to spider monkeys. The observation tower offers spectacular views of the Arenal Volcano.

Question 31

How many visitors a year does the Monteverde cloud forest receive?

Answer 31

The Arenal Volcano and the Monteverde Cloud
Forest are often part of a combined tour itinerary, and generally receive around 70,000 visitors a year.

Question 32

How have the tourism numbers changed at the Monteverde cloud forest in Costa Rica?

Answer 32

In 1974 there were just 471 visitors. Since the early 1990s the numbers of tourists to Monteverde have stabilized at about 70,000 a year. The nature of the tourist has changed. At the beginning there were mainly specialists. Now most of the tourists have a more general interest in the forest, and seek a balance between entertainment, adventure and knowledge. Monteverde now accounts for about 18 per cent of Costa Rica’s total tourist revenue.

Question 33

How has ecotourism benefited Monteverdi cloud forest in Costa Rica?

Answer 33

The growth and development of tourism came at a time when there was a long-term decline in agriculture in Costa Rica. At the same time, ecotourism was able to absorb some of the displaced agricultural workers in their own villages. Much of this development was small-scale. For example, 70 per cent of the hotels in Costa Rica have less than 20 rooms.

Question 34

How has Monteverdi cloud forest benefited local infrastructure in Costa Rica?

Answer 34

New businesses have been created in Monteverde, including hotels, bed and breakfasts, restaurants, craft stalls, supermarkets, bars, riding stables, private reserves, hiking trails, hummingbird galleries, frog ponds and a butterfly and botanical garden. The Butterfly Garden consists of a biodiversity centre, a medicinal garden, four climate-controlled butterfly gardens and a leafcutter-ant colony.
Many of these are locally owned.

Question 35

What is social benefits has Monteverdi cloud forest brought to the area?

Answer 35

Over 400 full-time and 140 part-time jobs have been created. In addition there are indirect employment and multiplier effects. There are also canopy walks and suspension bridges. Local farmers provide much of the food consumed by tourists to the area. Farmers’ markets every Saturday also attract tourists. The Monteverde Coffee Tour provides a guided tour of the production of coffee from the field to the cup. All of the proceeds go towards supporting local farmers and families involved in the production of coffee.

Question 36

What is positives and negative’s has the Monteverdi cloud forest brought to the local people?

Answer 36

Unlike many rural areas in developing countries, Monteverde is not experiencing out migration.
Indeed, it has been quite the opposite. Because of the developments in tourism there have been increased employment opportunities and this has attracted many young people. However, the growth in the resident and tourist population has placed a great strain on the existing infrastructure such as water supplies, refuse collection, electricity and telecommunications. In addition, the price of land has soared.

Question 37

What further benefits has the Montiverde cloud forest brought to the local people?

Answer 37

There have been benefits other than employment and income generation. Controlled access to the cloud forest, and the use of locals employed as guides means that not only are jobs created, but there is a reduction of visitor impact on parts of the forest. Local arts and crafts have been rejuvenated, and jobs in accommodation, transport, food and communications have been created. The increase in small businesses means that income should be more evenly distributed. Formal and informal education programmes have been strengthened, and the local community are even more aware of the value of their natural resources than they were when they were farmers. But the education is two-way: the villagers learn from the tourists just as the tourists learn from the villagers.

Question 38

Why are government so interested in sport?

Answer 38

Increasingly, sport has been used by nations for a variety of reasons. Some governments may wish to increase participation in sport for the health benefits that it could bring. Others may wish to host a mega event in order to help develop part of their economy, in particular tourism, or to regenerate urban areas and create a “feel good” factor among their citizens, as the country has the world’s attention during the event.

Question 39

How is Qatar improving its position in the international sport scene?

Answer 39

Qatar has been actively improving its position in the international sports scene. In 2010 Qatar was awarded the 2022 World Cup, and in 2011 it signed a deal to sponsor FC Barcelona, worth €150 million over five years. In addition, the Qatar Investment Authority became the majority shareholder in the French football club, Paris St Germain. Qatar Airways became the official sponsor of the Tour de France cycling event, and the Qatar-owned newspaper and television company Al Jazeera bought the rights to broadcast the Football World Cups in 2018 and 2022 to the Middle East and North Africa.

Question 40

How has national pride affected success in sports?

Answer 40

National pride might also affect success in sport. Match analysis has shown that Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia all had greater success rates in football matches after the Arab Spring. One explanation that has been put forward is that players feel they are playing for their own nation rather than for a dictator.

Question 41

How has social media had an impact on travel and tourism?

Answer 41

Social media has made a huge impact on tourism and travel. It has changed how people research trips, make decisions and share their experiences. Tourism relies on favourable opinions and recommendations. Social media sites such as TripAdvisor (50 million) and Facebook (800 million) allow customers to easily share tips and suggestions. In one survey 92 per cent of consumers said that they trusted social media more than any other form of advertising.

Question 42

How has trip advisor used social media to impact tourism

Answer 42

TripAdvisor, for example, was founded in 2000, and by 2015 it listed 890,000 hotels in 45 countries. It was claimed that if a hotel did not make the top five in its location, it would be losing business to competitors. Similarly, poor reviews have the ability to damage small businesses with limited resources. Many travellers trust the comments that are posted since they are generally written by fellow travellers.

Question 43

How has Facebook impacted tourism

Answer 43

Another study showed that over half of respondents changed their travel plans after using social media to research their trip. Some 85 per cent of travellers use their smartphones abroad, and over half of Facebook users said that their vacation choice was influenced by friends’ holiday photos.

Question 44

What impact does terrorism have on travel and tourism

Answer 44

The impact of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry can lead to long-term economic decline and associated social and economic impacts.
Any terrorist threats in the industry are a cause of major concern for many governments and TNCs. The effect may be felt in associated industries including airlines, hotels, restaurants and shops that cater for
TO TISTS.

Question 45

Why do terrorists target tourists

Answer 45

Terrorists target tourists in order to achieve ideological aims, punish people for supporting the government, and strengthen claims to political legitimacy by making the government look weak

Question 46

What happened at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games

Answer 46

Terrorist attacks are not new. In 1972 during the Munich Olympic Games, Palestinian gunmen killed 11 Israeli athletes. During the mid-1980s there was a sharp decline in tourism to London due to the Irish Republican Army (IRA) bombing campaign in England. Similarly, tourism in Northern Ireland was very undeveloped for many years due to the country’s negative image which was caused by terrorism.

Question 47

How can tourists and local people differ in social and economic characteristics

Answer 47

Tourists and local people may differ in social and economic characteristics. When local people facing hardship are forced to co-exist with wealthy international tourists enjoying luxuries, friction is inevitable and may lead to conflict. Travel patterns may reflect ideological values, political views and cultural values of tourists and their countries. For example, certain tourist behaviours, such as the consumption of pork in an Islamic country, drinking alcohol, gambling and Western dress styles can be at odds with local values. This theory may help explain Egyptian frustration with tourism in 1997 when gunmen killed 71 tourists outside the Egyptian resort of Luxor.

Question 48

What factors causes a rapid growth in worldwide tourism

Answer 48

The rapid growth of the worldwide tourism industry is due to a number of interrelated factors including economic growth, a rise in disposable income, increased leisure time and promotion of tourism by governments, as well as development strategy.

Question 49

Explain diáspora tourism

Answer 49

Diaspora tourism is an increasingly important form of niche tourism, and it is one that has distinctive features and potential value. Diaspora tourists often require different forms of accommodation and activities compared with other travellers, and they may well spend their money in different ways. Diaspora tourism is an important sub set of VFR tourism (visiting friends and relatives). Diaspora tourists are “back home” when they are visiting their country of origin, and so may not need the same facilities that make foreign tourists comfortable

Question 50

How does diaspora tourism bring a positive development potential

Answer 50

Diaspora tourists are more likely than most international tourists to have or make connections with the local economy. They are more likely to stay with relatives, or in locally owned businesses (for example, bed and breakfast accommodation), to eat in local restaurants, go to local pubs and so on. Although they might not spend as much money as international tourists, it is more likely to go directly to local businesses.
Thus, diaspora tourism can have a positive development potential.
Moreover, diaspora tourism is not as seasonal as international tourism, and may be spread more evenly throughout the year.

Question 51

In Africa how has diploma tourism lead to a development in tourist facilities

Answer 51

Diaspora tourism may lead to the development or expansion of tourist facilities within a country. The Africa Diaspora Heritage Trail conference encourages public and private investment in diaspora tourism, as well as educational, sustainable and ecotourism.

Question 52

How have some tourism campaigns targeted the diaspora population

Answer 52

Diaspora holiday visits to see family may well combine visits to family and friends with visits to other tourist attractions or leisure activities.
Some tourism campaigns have targeted diaspora populations. For example, the Philippines, India, Taiwan and Cuba all have important medical tourism campaigns that have reached out to diaspora populations. In addition, business tourism by a diaspora population also has development potential.

Question 53

What forms of tourism target diaspora populations

Answer 53

Some forms of tourism deliberately target dispora populations. Genealogy tourism (or “cemetery tourism”!) focuses upon researching an individual’s family tree. Increasingly, information is being made available on the Internet allowing people to do research into their family history before making a trip.

Question 54

How may a government use diaspora tourism to its advantages

Answer 54

Governments may attract diaspora investment into the tourist industry by providing loans and grants. The restoration of historic buildings, such as kasbahs in Morocco and paradors in Spain, has involved some diaspora investment.

Question 55

What are some advantages and disadvantages of diaspora tourism

Answer 55

Diaspora tourism has been shown to be less affected by economic recession, and there are less disadvantages (for example, leakage, environmental disturbances) than with other forms of tourism.

Question 56

How has the amount of women working changed

Answer 56

In 1966 42.2 per cent of women of working age were in employment.
By 2013 this had increased to 67 per cent.

Question 57

What are single profesional women more likely to do

Answer 57

• have an active social life
• regularly go to the theatre and cinema
• actively participate in sport (67 per cent compared with 50 per cent of married women)
• eat out regularly
• go to the pub regularly (41 per cent compared with 14 per cent of women with children).

Question 58

How can factors influence female sport participation

Answer 58

Islam promotes good health and fitness. However, Muslim women cannot participate in mixed-gender sports, and the environment in which they play and sports dress also need to be considered. In the UK, only 12.5 per cent of Asian women do enough sport each week to benefit their health, compared with 18.8 per cent of white women. In contrast, in traditional Muslim countries, for example countries in the Middle East, attitudes to physical exercise among Muslim women are much more positive than in the UK.

Question 59

How have some countries catered to women in sport

Answer 59

In Saudi Arabia, there has been an increase in the number of sporting facilities that are available for women only. For example, the Luthan Hotel and Spa is a women-only establishment in Riyadh. In the USA there are a number of swimming pools that offer women-only sessions, or sessions to serve both Jewish and Muslim women; for example, in St Louis Park, Minnesota and Williamsburg, Brooklyn.

Question 60

What is the Paralympic Games

Answer 60

The Paralympic Games is an international competition for athletes with a range of physical disabilities. It occurs immediately after the Olympic Games and takes place in the Olympic Stadium and other stadia. The Paralympic Games first took place in 1948, and consisted of British Second World War veterans.

Question 61

How did the Olympics bring a cultural and political benefits

Answer 61

The London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics – which was watched by more than 50% of the world’s population –– generated a substantial boost in international interest in the UK through the impressive medal haul and Danny Boyle’s dazzling opening ceremony. Results from research in eleven strategically important countries for UK foreign policy and trade showed that on average 36% of people stated that the Games had made the UK more attractive as a place to study or do business, and 35% were more likely to visit the UK. The events also facilitated broader cultural programmes, such as the Cultural Olympiad

Question 62

Give an example of when politics and sport mix

Answer 62

For example, one example of how sports people hold political power was the ‘Take a Knee’ protests by some players in the NFL in September 2017. This was a political act, and became a major political issue as politicians responded. Government support for international sporting events also brings controversy. The decision by FIFA for Qatar to host the World Cup in 2022 was viewed by some as corrupt.

Question 63

Give three examples of an international sport was encouraged by agreements between countries

Answer 63

Freedom of movement. Relaxing migration and tourism restrictions allows sportspeople to compete more freely (Bhuvanendra, n.d.). For example, in the European Union countries that have signed up to the Schengen Agreement do not need even to show identification to visit the other countries.
Legal basis for sporting cooperation. For example, Article 165 of the Treaty of Lisbon in Europe gave the European Commission some responsibility for developing sporting initiatives across many countries (Euractiv, 2009).
During the Olympics, countries who send athletes to the Games officially agree a UN backed ‘Olympic Truce’ in which hostilities and existing international disagreement should be halted (IOC, nd.).

Question 64

What are three ways, the Paralympics changed attitudes

Answer 64

Disabled people are being recognised as role models for their ability to overcome adversity, leading to a greater awareness of the Games and its increasing importance
Acceptance into mainstream. As the awareness of disabled athletes improves, the Games take a more mainstream role and lead to a snowball effect as other disabled sports are promoted, e.g. the Invictus Games (for military personnel and veterans) in 2014 and 2016 were very high profile.
Mainstream media takes moe note of disabilities in general

Question 65

How does the Paralympics not represent issues of intersectionality

Answer 65

However, the growing importance of events like the Paralympics does not reflect underlying issues of intersectionality. Countries that have lower incomes are much less likely to participate, especially women. The cost of participation (including equipment, travel, training and facilities) means that athletes from HICs like the USA, Sweden and Norway are up to 3.4 times more likely to participate than people from countries such as South Africa and India (Bantjes and Schwarz, 2017).