E.1 - Leisure, Tourism And Sport

Question 1

Define leisure

Answer 1

Any freely chose activity or experience that takes places in non work time. It includes sport, recreation and tourism

Question 2

Define recreation

Answer 2

A leisure time activity undertaken voluntarily and for enjoyment. It imcludes individual pursuits, organised outgoings and events, and non paired professional sports

Question 3

Define sport

Answer 3

A physical activity involving events and competitions at the national and international scale with professional participants

Question 4

Define tourism

Answer 4

Travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure. This definition excludes day trips - some of which may be international trips. There are many possible subdivisions of tourism. Subgroups include ecotourism - tourism focusing on the natural environment and local communities.

Question 5

Define sustainable tourism

Answer 5

Tourism that conserves primary tourist resources and supports the livelihoods and culture of local people.

Question 6

Define global commons

Answer 6

Resources that are outside the reach of any one nation, for example oceans, the atmosphere and Antarctica. Global commons may be exploited or degraded and so need to be managed carefully.

Question 7

Define niche tourism

Answer 7

Special interest tourism catering for small numbers of people who are crowd intolerant. It is usually more concerned with sustainability than mass tourism.

Question 8

Define ecotourism

Answer 8

A “green” and “alternative” form of tourism that alms to preserve the environment by managing it responsibly and sustainably.

Question 9

Which group of people have the most time to outtake leisure activities

Answer 9

the unemployed and the retired, have more free time than they would perhaps like.

Question 10

What is the range of time spent doing personal care across all countries

Answer 10

ranging from a low of 43 per cent of total time in Canada, Sweden, Mexico and Norway to a high of 49 per cent in France.

Question 11

Where is leisure time greatest and lowest around the world

Answer 11

Leisure time is greatest in Norway (27 per cent of time) and least in Mexico (16 per cent of time). Amounts of leisure time are also high in Belgium, Germany and Finland. Japan and Mexico are the only two countries where paid work represents a higher proportion of time than leisure, while paid work and leisure represent equal shares in Korea.

Question 12

Explain paid work

Answer 12

“Paid work” includes full-time and part-time jobs, breaks in the workplace, commuting to and from the workplace, time spent looking for work, time spent in school and commuting to and from school, and time spent in paid work at home.

Question 13

Explain unpaid work

Answer 13

“unpaid work” includes all household work (chores, cooking, cleaning, caring for children and other family and non-family members, volunteering, shopping, and so on).

Question 14

State 8 factors the growth of leisure has been facilitated by

Answer 14

• a reduction in the length of the working day
• a reduction in the length of the working week
• an increase in wages
• an increase in disposable income
• the growth of leisure activities
• more early retirement
• an increase in self-employment and flexitime
• developments in technology (such as washing machines and freezers) which enable people to spend less time on chores, and other developments in technology, such as TVs and the Internet, which provide opportunities for leisure.

Question 15

What is the contrast between HICs and LICs regarding time spent doing leisure activity’s

Answer 15

For many people in HICs and emerging economies, having more leisure time and greater disposable income allows them to take part in more leisure activities. However, in poorer countries, and in countries where there is political turmoil, there is less opportunity for leisure activities, and not the “state of mind” of being “at leisure”.

Question 16

What’s the difference between male and female participation in sport

Answer 16

Gender differences can also be observed. Men generally have more leisure time than women (in Europe and the USA adult men normally have hetween one and nine hours more leisure time than women each week). This difference is usually due to their household and parenting responsibilities, although this is changing. In some more progressive households responsibilities are shared. Women’s status in society is closely linked to the amount of leisure time they have.

Question 17

What’s the link between income and leisure

Answer 17

there is a link between income and leisure activities.
Societies in LICs have less disposable income and therefore less chance of engaging in leisure pursuits, particularly if this involves purchasing expensive equipment. However, there are differences in culture and the various perceptions of leisure that make comparisons difficult.

Question 18

What is the link between life expectancy and leisure

Answer 18

As life expectancy increases universally, pursuing leisure activities in retirement becomes more important. Older adults can benent from the physical, social, emotional, cultural and spiritual aspects of leisure. The leisure industry has had to accommodate the needs of the over-65 age group who comprise 25 per cent of the population in many HICs.

Question 19

Define primary tourism

Answer 19

Primary tourist/recreational resources are the pre-existing attractions for tourism or recreation (that is, those not built specifically for the purpose), including climate, scenery, wildlife, indigenous people, cultural and heritage sites.

Question 20

Define secondary tourism

Answer 20

secondary tourist/recreational resources, which include accommodation, catering, entertainment and shopping.

Question 21

What’s the relation between economic development and participation in leisure activities

Answer 21

There is a positive relationship between economic development and participation in leisure activities. As countries develop economically, people tend to have more disposable income and more free time, which can be spent on leisure activities.

Question 22

How does increased income lewd to increased leisure time

Answer 22

Disposable income refers to the income that is available to a person after tax. In most countries disposable income has increased, allowing people to save a significant percentage of their income for leisure or tourism. This is particularly so in advanced countries like the USA, Canada and the UK. Furthermore, in some organizations, 10% of their income is saved and given to them at the end of the

Question 23

How does advertisement lead to increased leisure time

Answer 23

This has made it possible for people to know where they can visit for tourism. For instance, CNN advertises Malaysia, Azerbaijan, Turkey etc, which encourages people to visit tourist centers in these countries. Inflight advertisement showing places you can visit upon arrival at your destination also increase people’s chances of visiting tourist centers in the country of destination.

Question 24

How has improved transportation lead to increased leisure time

Answer 24

Improved air, sea and land transport has made it easier and possible to reach many tourist destinations. For instance, the world’s fastest aircraft, the Concorde, was twice faster than the speed of sound. This served as a motivation for people to travel via Concorde to some tourist destinations (Concorde has since been grounded after the 1998 air disaster). Also, there are high-speed trains that can travel about 300km per hour. This has shortened the distance between places, thus allowing people to embark on journeys at a much faster rate. Large cruise ships also promote packaged tours to places such as Venice in Italy or other Caribbean islands – all contributing to people’s chances of engaging in tourism. Below is an example of such a cruise ship, with excellent facilities to encourage tourism.

Question 25

How does cheaper transportation lead to increased participation in leisure

Answer 25

Cheaper airfares and cheaper costs of travel by sea have also contributed to reducing the cost of travel, thereby encouraging people to visit tourist destinations in many parts of the world. For example, the large passenger plane, Airbus A320 can carry over 400 passengers at a time. This has helped to reduce the cost of air travel, as many passengers would mean lower airfare per passenger.

Question 26

What are the 7 categories of sport and give examples along side

Answer 26

Group1- Athletics and Rugby (Archery, American football, Lacrosse, Gymnastics
Group 2- Dancing and Yoga (aerobics, Pilates)
Group 3- Outdoor sports (fishing, cycling)
Group 4- Swimming, Cycling and gym
Group 5- Racquet sports and running. (Badminton)
Group 6- Bowing
Group 7- Cricket, football, pub sports

Question 27

What is the correlation between the level of economic development and participation in sport

Answer 27

There is generally a positive correlation between the level of economic development and participation in sport. As countries become more developed, people tend to have more leisure time and disposable income, which can be used to participate in sports and other recreational activities.

Question 28

What is the world Banks consensus around the correlation between economic development and participation?

Answer 28

According to data from the World Bank, there is a positive correlation between a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the percentage of the population that participates in sport. In high-income countries, around 65% of the population participates in sport, while in low-income countries, that figure drops to around 45%.

Question 29

What is the world health organisations research shown about the correlation between development and participation in sport?

Answer 29

Additionally, research by the World Health Organization has found that there is a positive correlation between a country’s level of economic development and the prevalence of physical activity among its population. The research found that in high-income countries, around 60% of adults engage in regular physical activity, while in low-income countries, that figure drops to around 20%.

Question 30

What are reasons for higher levels of participation in sport and leisure in HIC?

Answer 30

1. The government of a developed country provides the necessary infrastructure to support leisure activities, e.g swimming pools, gyms etc.

2.In developed countries, individuals are able to pay to use leisure facilities. They are also able to pay for the cost of the tickets to watch certain sporting games.

3. If the country is developed, people would have the requisite education to understand very complex sports such as cricket, rugby etc, thereby increasing the chances of participation.

Question 31

Why is participation in sport lower in a LIC

Answer 31

1. Lack of resources: Low-income countries may not have sufficient resources to build and maintain sports infrastructure, such as stadiums, gyms, and sports fields. This can discourage people from participating in sports.
   Limited access to equipment: Sports equipment can be expensive, and people in low-income countries may not be able to afford them. This can also act as a barrier to participation.
2. Limited opportunities: Low-income countries may not have organized sports programs or clubs that offer regular opportunities to participate in sports. This can make it difficult for people to get involved and stay involved in sports.
3. Cultural barriers: Some cultures may place a greater emphasis on academic achievement or work over physical activity. This can lead to a lack of interest in sports.
4. Economic reasons: People in low-income countries may need to prioritize earning a living over leisure activities such as sports. This can limit the time and resources available for sports participation.

Question 32

What is the difference between in HIC and a LIC when it comes to participation in sport for 5-14 year olds

Answer 32

According to a report by the World Bank, in low-income countries, only 19% of children aged 5-14 participate in organized sports, compared to 42% in high-income countries.

Question 33

What is the difference in rates of participation in sport within adults in HICS and LICs

Answer 33

A survey conducted by the International Olympic Committee found that in 2018, only 47% of adults in low-income countries participated in sport at least once a week, compared to 67% in high-income countries.

Question 34

What’s the participation rates like in subsahara Africa compared to a HIC

Answer 34

A study by the United Nations Development Programme found that in sub-Saharan Africa, the participation rate in organized sports among children was only 5%, compared to 95% in high-income countries.

Question 35

What is the Participation of sport of girls like in sub Sahara Africa

Answer 35

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) reports that in low-income countries, girls are significantly less likely to participate in sports than boys. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, only 10% of girls participate in sports, compared to 20% of boys.

Question 36

What are the statistics which show how the adult and elderly population participate in leisure throughout china

Answer 36

1. 22% of people spend 1-2 hours a day on leisure activities
2. 16% spend 3-4 hours on leisure activities
3. 12% spend 4-5 hours and the rest spend more than 5 hours

Question 37

Due to chinas increase in development what are people spending their leisure time doing

Answer 37

About one-third of people spend their leisure rime reading and one-sixth watching TV. As China has developed and people become richer, increasingly more people are spending time online. About one-third of Chinese adults spend time on the Internet through their mobile phone or laptop. Other popular leisure-time activities include shopping, especially by women, and table tennis and badminton. Numerous parks throughout China have free table-tennis tables set up, and there are also free badminton courts. Kite-flying, tai chi, chess, mahjong, playing cards, public dancing and jogging are all common in Chinese parks.

Question 38

How do many migrant workers spend their leisure time in china

Answer 38

Many migrant workers work extremely long hours and are too tired physically and mentally to engage in these activities. They also have limited disposable income especially when they have to send some to their families

Question 39

How has leisure activities changed for Chinese children m

Answer 39

Leisure activities for Chinese children are also changing. Surveys of students show that the most popular activities were doing homework, doing extra reading, taking part in academic training programmes, playing with friends and watching TV. The amount of leisure time that students have increased after 1995, when Saturday school ceased to operate. Leisure activities in the vacation tend to be highly organized. Most children, especially in the more developed eastern part of the country, go to summer camps organized by schools or community organizations.

Question 40

How has Disney brought western leisure to china

Answer 40

In 2016, China’s largest private property developer, the Wanda Group, opened Wanda City in Nanchang, an entertainment complex that it is a homegrown (that is, Chinese) rival to Disney, and a theme park in Shanghai. Wanda City includes a Chinese-themed park, an indoor shopping mall with cinemas, restaurants and hotels, and the world’s largest ocean park. Also in 2016, Disney opened its own resort in Shanghai, the largest Disneyland in the world. The Shanghai Disney Resort (“Mickey Mao”) is expected to become the world’s most visited theme park, attracting
up to 50 million guests a year. In contrast, Walt Disney World in Florida attracted 19.3 million visitors in 2014. Some 330 million people live less than three hours by car from the Shanghai Disney Resort.

Question 41

What’s the correlation between economic wealth and the origin of tourists

Answer 41

There is a strong correlation between economic wealth and the origin of tourists as well as the provision of sports facilities. For example, most golf courses are found in HICs and NICs. An obvious exception to this is the large number of golf courses that may be locatei in LICs for the benefit of tourists. The development of golf courses in Vietnam is a good example.

Question 42

What are 3 political factors influence our participation in sport and leisure

Answer 42

1. Funding for sports: Government investment in sports and leisure facilities can be a crucial factor in promoting participation. For example, in the United States, the National Park Service received $473.8 million for recreation and conservation in 2020. By contrast, in Bangladesh, the total sports budget for 2019-2020 was only $50 million.
2. Policies and regulations: Government policies can also affect the way sports and leisure are organized and promoted. For example, in many countries, there are regulations around the provision of sports facilities in schools. In the UK, it is a legal requirement for schools to provide 2 hours of PE (physical education) per week for all pupils aged 5-16. By contrast, in many developing countries, such as Uganda, the lack of resources and infrastructure often means that schools do not have sports facilities or qualified coaches.
3. Promotion of healthy lifestyles: Political factors can also influence the way that healthy lifestyles are promoted and encouraged. For example, in 2019, the UK government launched a new strategy to tackle obesity, which included a focus on promoting physical activity and increasing participation in sports. In contrast, in many developing countries, issues such as malnutrition and lack of access to clean water may take priority over promoting leisure and sports participation.

Question 43

How does socioeconomic stats influence our participation in sport

Answer 43

Income, education, and occupation can all impact participation in sport and leisure. For example, a study published in the American Journal of Health Promotion found that adults with higher levels of education were more likely to engage in physical activity. Similarly, a study by the UK government found that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were less likely to participate in sports, with only 41% of those in lower-income groups participating in sport at least once a week, compared to 57% of those in higher-income groups.

Question 44

How does gender influence our participation in sport

Answer 44

There are often significant gender differences in sports participation rates, with women typically participating less than men. For example, in the UK, the government’s Active Lives Survey found that 62% of men participated in sport at least once a week, compared to only 50% of women. Similarly, a study by the International Olympic Committee found that globally, women’s sports receive only 4% of sports media coverage.

Question 45

How does cultural norms and values influence our participation in sport

Answer 45

Cultural beliefs and attitudes can also affect participation in sports and leisure. For example, some cultures may view certain sports as more appropriate for one gender or another, or may prioritize academic achievement over sports participation. A study by the British Council found that in India, cultural norms around women’s roles in society can limit their participation in sports and leisure activities.

Question 46

How does religious belief’s influence your participation in sport

Answer 46

Religious beliefs and practices can impact participation in sports and physical activity. For example, in many Muslim countries, religious beliefs around modesty can make it challenging for women to participate in sports. A study by the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity found that in Saudi Arabia, only 13.3% of women met the recommended levels of physical activity. Similarly, in some Jewish communities, Sabbath observance may limit participation in sports and physical activity.m