1.2 Changing Population - Chnaging Populations And Places

Question 1

What model shows population changes

Answer 1

Population change includes changes brought about by the birth rate, the death rate and migration. The general demographic transition model (DTM) shows the change in the birth rate and death rate over time

Question 2

What does the DTM suggest and what issues does it bring

Answer 2

The DTM suggests that death rates fall before birth rates, and that the total population expands. However, the DTM is based on the data from just three countries - England, Wales and Sweden. Not only is the timescale for the DTM in these countries longer than in many LEDCs, but there are other types of DTM

Question 3

What were the Irish and Japanese DTM based on

Answer 3

For example, Ireland’s DM was based on falling birth rates and rising death rates as a result of emigration following the 1845-9 famine. The DTM in Japan shows a period of population expansion before the Second World War, followed by population contraction once the country’s expansionist plans could not be fulfilled.

Question 4

What are the characteristics of stage one of the DTM

Answer 4

Stage 1
High and variable:
• birth rates and death rates are high and variable
• population growth fluctuates
• no countries, only some indigenous (primitive) tribes still at this stage
• UK at this stage until about 1750
High birth and death rates
Parents want children:
• for labour
• to look after them in old age
• to continue the family name
• prestige
• to replace other children who have died
People die from:
• lack of clean water
• lack of food
• poor hygiene and
gabiration
• overcrowding
• contagious diseases
• poverty

Question 5

What are the characteristics of stage 2 of the DTM

Answer 5

Early expanding:
• birth rates remains high but the death rate comes down rapidly
• population growth is rapid
• Afghanistan, Sudan and Libya are at this stage
• UK passed through this stage by 1850

Question 6

What are the characteristics of stage 3 of the DTM

Answer 6

Late expanding:
• birth rate drops and the death rate remains low
• population growth continues but at a smaller rate
• Brazil and Argentina are at this stage
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• UK passed through this stage in 1950

Question 7

What are the characteristics of stage 4 of the DTM

Answer 7

Low and variable:
• birth rates and death rates are ow
and variable
• population growth fluctuates
• UK and most developed countries are at this stage

Question 8

What are the characteristics of stage 5 of the DTM

Answer 8

Low declining:
• the birth rate is lower than the death rate
• the population declines
• Japan is at this stage
Low birth and death rates
Birth rates decline because:
• children are very costly
• the government looks after people through pensions and health services
• more women want their own career
• their is more widespread use of family planning
• as the infant mortality rate comes down there is less need for replacement children

Death rates decline because of:
• clean water
• reliable food supply
• good hygiene and sanitation
• lower population densities
• better vacations and healthcare
• rising standards of living

Question 9

What is natural increase and natural decrease

Answer 9

Natural increase is calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate. It is expressed as a percentage. Natural decrease occurs when the death rate exceeds the birth rate. Natural change (increase or decrease) does not take migration into account. By contrast, population change is the balance between birth rate, death rate and migration.

Question 10

What is doubling time

Answer 10

Doubling time is the number of ears needed for a population to double in size. It is found by dividing 70 (years) by the rate of natural increase (in per cent). It is expressed in years.

Question 11

What is population momentum

Answer 11

Population momentum is the tendency for a population to grow despite a fall in the birth rate or fertility levels. It occurs because of a relatively high concentration of people in the pre-childbearing and childbearing years. As these young people grow older and move through their reproductive years, the greater number of births will exceed the number of deaths in the older populations, and so the population will continue to grow.

Question 12

What are population projections

Answer 12

Population proiections are predictions about future population based on trends in fertility, mortality and migration.

Question 13

What is total fertility rate

Answer 13

The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of births per thousand women of childbearing age. It is the completed family size if fertility rates remain constant. In general, the highest fertility rates are found among the poorest countries, although some LICs have made the transition from high fertility rates to low fertility rates. Most HICs, by contrast, have experienced much reduced fertility rates.

Question 14

What affects fertility rate

Answer 14

Changes in fertility are a combination of both sociocultural and economic factors. While there may be strong correlations between these sets of factors and changes in fertility, it is impossible to prove the linkages or to prove that one set of factors is more important than the other. The following factors affect a country’s TR.

Question 15

What is status of women and what does this indicate

Answer 15

The status of women - this is assessed by the gender-related development index (GDI), which measures the inequality between the sexes in life expectancy, education and the standard of living.
In countries where the status of women is low and few women are educated or involved in paid employment, birth rates are high. In countries such as Singapore, where the status of women has improved, the birth rate has fallen. Between 1960 and 2000 there were great social and economic changes there, resulting in full employment, including female employment. As a result, the total fertility rate fell from over 3.0 to 1.5 in 2000 and 0.81 in 2015.

Question 16

What is level of education and material ambition and what does this indicate

Answer 16

in general, the more highly educated the parents are, the fewer children they will have. Middle-income families with high aspirations but limited means tend to have the smallest families. They wish to improve their standard of living and will limit their family size to achieve this. Poor people with limited resources or ambition often have large families. Affluent people can afford large families.

Question 17

How does location of residence affect total fertility rates

Answer 17

people in rural areas tend to have more children than those in urban areas. Reasons for this include:
• more rigid social pressures on women
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• greater freedom and less state control (for example China’s one-child policy is enforced less rigorously in rural areas)
• fewer educational and economic opportunities for women.
In some urban areas, such as shanty towns, there are high levels of fertility because of their youthtul population structure.

Question 18

How does religion affect total fertility rates

Answer 18

the role of religion in relation to fertility rates is commonly confused. The lowest birth rates in Europe include those of Italy and Spain, both Catholic countries. In contrast, some poor Catholic countries, such as Mexico and Brazil, have high birth rates. In general, most religions are pro-natalist (they favour large families) and opposed to birth control, sterilization and contraception. In HICs, however, most people do not follow the dictates of religious beliefs very strictly.

Question 19

How does health of mother affect total fertility rates

Answer 19

although more pregnancies are successful for women who are well nourished and healthy, women who are not healthy may become pregnant more frequently. This is because they may experience a higher infant mortality and more unsuccessful pregnancies.
Hence they become pregnant again in order to compensate for the child they have lost.

Question 20

How does economic prosperity affect fertility rates

Answer 20

the correlation between economic prosperity and the birth rate is not total, but there are links. Economic prosperity favours an increase in the birth rate, while increasing costs lead to a decline in the birth rate. Recession and unemployment are also linked with a decline in the birth rate. This is related to the cost of bringing up children. Surveys have shown that the cost of bringing up a child in the UK can be over $300,000, partly through lost parental earnings.
Whether the cost is real or imagined (perceived) does not matter. If parents believe they cannot afford to bring up a family, or that by having more children their standard of living will fall, they are less likely to have children.

Question 21

How does the UN belive they can reduce global fertility rates

Answer 21

At the global scale, a strong link exists between fertility and the level of economic development. The UN and many civil societies, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs), believe that a reduction in the high birth rates in HICs can be achieved only by improving the standard of living in those countries. There is also evidence to suggest that the more equitable the distribution of wealth within a country, the lower the fertility rate.

Question 22

How does the need for children affect total fertility rates

Answer 22

high infant mortality rates increase the pressure on women to have more children. Such births, to offset the high mortality losses, are termed replacement births or compensatory births. In some agricultural societies, parents have large families to provide labour for the farm and as security for the parents in old age. This is much less important now as fewer families are engaged in farming, and many farmers work as labourers rather than owning their own farms.

Question 23

Define life expectancy

Answer 23

Life expectancy is the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, assuming that demographic factors remain unchanged.

Question 24

How does life expectancy vary from developed to under developed countries and factors which affect this

Answer 24

Life expectancy varies - from over 80 years in a number of developed countries, such as Monaco, Japan, Singapore and Macau, to under 50 years for men in Chad. The reason for the low and declining life expectancy in many sub-Saharan countries is a combination of poverty, conflict and the AIDS virus. In the 40 countries with the lowest lite expectancy (below 64 years), only two are not in sub-Saharan Africa, namely Haiti (63.5 years) and Afghanistan (50 years).

Question 25

How is life expectancy going to fluctuate

Answer 25

Most countries would expect to see life expectancy rise over time. In some HICs over 50 per cent of those born in 2007 will live to over 100 years (Figure 1.14). As a country develops, it should have better food supply, clean water and adequate housing. However, a number of countries saw their life expectancy fall between 1970 and 2000-2005. These include
Zambia (from 50 years to 39 years), and
Zimbabwe (55 to 40 years). By contrast, in Myanmar (Burma) one of the poorest nations in Asia, life expectancy rose from 53 years to nearly 60 years.

Question 26

Why is life expectancy higher for women than men

Answer 26

Life expectancy is often higher for women than for men. This may be for a number of reasons. In some countries, the male retirement age is higher for men than women; more men are likely to take part in heavy physical labour; men are more likely to be involved in conflict; more men have “self-destructive” lifestyles and smoke and/or drink alcohol to excess.

Question 27

What are she and sex pyramids

Answer 27

Population structure or composition refers to any measurable characteristic of a population.
This includes the age, sex, ethnicity, language, religion and occupation of the population. migrants looking for work; excess elderly, usually female, will indicate retirement resorts) and/or baby booms.
• “Slices” in the slope indicate emigration or out-migration, or age-specific or sex-specific deaths (epidemics, war).

Question 28

What does a population pyramid tell us about the age and sex structure of a population

Answer 28

• A wide base indicates a high birth rate.
A narrowing base suggests a falling birth rate.
• Straight or near-vertical sides reveal low death rates.
• Concave slopes characterize high death rates.
• Bulges in the slope suggest high rates of immigration or in-migration (for instance, excess males 20-35 years will be economics

Question 29

What is a dependency ratio

Answer 29

The dependency ratio measures the working population and the dependent population. It is worked out by a formula:
Population aged <15 + population aged >64 (the dependents) /Population aged 16-64 (the economically active) x 100

Question 30

Why are dependency ratios useful

Answer 30

It is a very crude measure - for example, many people stay on at school after the age of 15 and many people work after the age of 64 - but it is useful for comparing countries or tracking changes over time.
• In the developed world there is a high proportion of elderly.
• In the developing world there is a high proportion of youth.

Question 31

What are triangular graphs used for

Answer 31

Triangular graphs are used to show data that can be divided into three parts. As well as showing the age structure of a population, triangular graphs can also show variations in soil structure (sand, clay, silt) and employment (primary, secondary and tertiary sectors). They are useful for several reasons.
• They can show a large amount of data.
• Groupings can be recognized easily.
• Dominant characteristics can be shown.
• Classifications can be made.
Sometimes only part of the graph is shown, but at a larger scale.

Question 32

Why have methods of statistical probability been developed

Answer 32

Within certain ranges, the future trends of fertility, mortality and migration shaping the pattern of population ageing in Europe are uncertain. Methods of statistical probability have been developed to describe these uncertainty ranges in a quantitative way.

Question 33

How is the growth of mega cities impacting individuals and societies

Answer 33

One of the most important geographical phenomena of the late 20th and early 21st centuries has been the growth of megacities. For individuals, megacities offer the prospects of a job, a home and an opportunity to improve their standard of living and quality of life. For some, migration to megacities does improve their standard of living, but for others migration may result in unemployment or underemployment, poor-quality housing and the risk of many environmental hazards. For societies, having large numbers of people in close proximity may make it easier to provide housing and health care for example, but it there are too many people, the provision of such services is inadequate. Megacity growth is associated with expansion of the built area, increased traffic congestion, air pollution and declining water quality. However, the perception of megacities as a place of potential economic benefit for migrants fuels their growth.

Question 34

What is Mumbai’s original economy

Answer 34

Until the 1970s, Mumbai’s economy was largely based on textiles and imports/exports through the port.
Since then, it has diversified and includes such industries as aerospace, engineering, computers and electronic equipment.

Question 35

What is Mumbai’s economy like now

Answer 35

Now it is the financial, commercial and entertainment centre of India. It accounts for 25 per cent of India’s industrial output, over 6 per cent of its total GDP and 40 per cent of its foreign trade. Many TNCs are based in Mumbai, such as the Tata Group, and it is home to the Bombay Stock Exchange, the Reserve Bank of India and the National Stock Exchange of India.It contains many of India’s scientific and nuclear industries, such as the Department of Atomic Energy. It is also the centre of the Bollywood film industry. Mumbai has more millionaires and billionaires than any other Indian city but is also home to millions of impoverished people. Mumbai’s per capita income is about three times the national average.

Question 36

What 2 district regions does Mumbai contain

Answer 36

Mumbai contains two distinct regions, namely Mumbai City district (also known as South Mumbai, or the Island City) and Mumbai Suburban district.

Question 37

How has Mumbai’s population distribution changed

Answer 37

The 2011 Census stated that Mumbai’s population was over 12 million people, of which about 9 million lived in slums. The gender ratio was 838 females per 1,000 males (lower in South Mumbai than in the suburbs) and less than the national average (F/M 914/1,000). This partly reflects the greater incidence of male migration to the city. The number of households in Mumbai is predicted to grow from 4.2 million in 2008 to 6.6 million in 2020.

Question 38

What problems is Mumbai facing due to rapid city growth

Answer 38

Mumbai experiences many of the problems resulting from rapid city growth - poverty, unemployment and underemployment, limited access to health care and education, and poor sanitation and access to electricity. There are up to 4,000 cases of diphtheria and typhoid a day, partly the result of a lack of a proper sewerage system. Access to water is limited and many pumps are only available for two hours a day. The residents living in slums also have limited security of tenure. Dharavi, the main slum in South Mumbai, is an area of about 2 km?, and home to up to 1 million people. Due to its close proximity to Mumbai’s financial and commercial district, there is great pressure to clear parts of Dharavi for modern developments.

Question 39

What benefits has rapid city growth brought to Mumbai

Answer 39

On the other hand, Dharavi has many informal activities that provide a livelihood for a lot of its residents. Up to 85 per cent of Dharavi adults work locally, and there are major recycling industries and pottery industries. However, the working conditions for the recycling industry can be very dangerous.

Question 40

Where has Mumbai suburbanised

Answer 40

Mumbai has also suburbanized, initially north towards Shivaji Park, Matunga and Mahim. More recent developments have been towards the east of Mumbai, including Navi Mumbai, Vashi, Vasai and Mahim Creek.

Question 41

What are 3 reasons people are forced to migrate

Answer 41

1. Conflict-induced displacement. This includes people who are forced to move due to armed conflict such as civil war, violence or persecution on the basis of their nationality, race, religion, political opinion or social group. In 2015 there were some 15 million refugees and approximately 40 million internally displaced people (IDPs).
2. Development-induced displacement. This includes people forced to move as a result of large-scale infrastructure projects such as dams, motorways, airports, urban redevelopment, mining, deforestation, and even the creation of conservation schemes. On average, 10 million people a vear are displaced due to dam developments.
   The South-North Water Diversion Project in China has displaced around 345,000 people and the creation of the Three Gorges dam displaced some 1.25 million people.
3. Disaster-induced displacement. Natural disasters resulting in large numbers of displaced people include volcanoes, hurricanes, landslides, environmental change (global warming, desertification, land degradation) and human-induced disasters such as releases of radiation and chemicals.

Question 42

What are the 7 genres of forced migrators

Answer 42

1. Refugees. According to the 1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a “person residing outside his or her country of nationality, who is unable or unwilling to return because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a political social group or political opinion”.
2. Asylum seekers. An asylum seeker is a person who has left their country of origin in search of protection in another country, under the 1951 UN Refugee Convention, but whose claim for refugee status has not been decided.
3. Internally displaced persons (IDPs). According to the UN, IDPs are groups of people who have been “forced to flee their home suddenly or unexpectedly in large numbers, as a result of armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations of human rights or natural or man-made disasters, and who are within the territory of their own country”
4. Development displaces. These are people compelled to move as a result of policies and projects to promote development.
5. Environmental and disaster displaces. These people are sometimes referred to as environmental refugees or disaster refugees. (See Option B, p. 166 for environmental refugees in Kivalina, Alaska.)
6. Smuggled people. Smuggled people are moved illegally for profit. They may include those who have been forcibly displaced as well as those who have left their homes in search of a better standard of living.
7. Trafficked people. These are people moved by deception or coercion for the purpose of exploitation and profit.

Question 43

What is forcing people to migrate in Syria

Answer 43

In Syria, the repression of the ruling Assad regime and the emergence of the fundamentalist Islamic group Isis (also known as IS) have led to the displacement of over 10 million people. The Syrian conflict began as a civil war, but extended to include parts of Irag when Isis declared Syria and Irag an Islamic “caliphate”. Syrians near Damascus feared that government forces were being used on their own people, whereas in other parts of Syria, people feared they would be killed, captured or forced to live under a severe and harsh Islamic rule. The result has been a stream of refugees and displaced people into neighbouring countries and other parts of Syria.

Question 44

Where are Syrians migrating to

Answer 44

There were over 4 million IDPs in Syria and 4.5 million Syrian refugees in just five other countries: Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt and Jordan. The Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan, just 8 km from the Syrian border, is the world’s second largest refugee camp (Dadaab in Kenya is the largest) and now the fourth largest city in Jordan. According to the 1951 Geneva Convention on refugees, the burden of taking in refugees should not fall on a small number of countries, but should be shared out

Question 45

How are the numbers of Syrian refugees impacting Lebanon

Answer 45

There are more than 1.4 million Syrian refugees in Lebanon, about half of whom are children. This is around one-quarter of Lebanon’s population. Most of the refugees live in poverty and are dependent on aid for survival. Lebanon has the highest number of refuges per capita in the world. As a result, the country has suffered severe economic and environmental consequences. There has been strain on Lebanon’s health and education services, and its electricity, water and sanitation systems.The humanitarian appeal has only received around one-eighth of its target amount of funds.

Question 46

How are Syrian refugees affecting schools in Lebanon

Answer 46

The number of refugee schoolchildren is greater than the number of Lebanese children at school.
Schools have been forced to provide places for up to 100,000 Syrian children, although most of them are not attending school.

Question 47

Why has forced migration occurred in nigeria

Answer 47

In 2014 the terrorist group Boko Haram kidnapped 276 schoolgirls from the village of Chibok in northern Nigeria. The violence associated with Boko Haram has caused many people to flee the region. Over 3 million people have been internally displaced in Nigeria, including some 250,000 as a result of Boko Haram. Nigeria has the third largest number of IDPs after Syria and Colombia.

Question 48

How has forced migration affected sourounding countries to nigeria

Answer 48

The disruption caused by Boko Haram has strained relations between Nigeria and its neighbours Cameroon, Chad and Niger. People in the region the group controls have been left unable to feed themselves after some 60 per cent of the region’s farmers were displaced, leading to less land being farmed and less produce harvested. Over a third of health care facilities closed down, and health workers have been abducted and killed.