6.3: measuring food and health - stakeholders in food and health

Question 1

state 4 reasons the world food security is difficult

Answer 1

• a significant share of the worlds population is malnourished
• the global population continues to grow
• climate change and other environmental changes threaten future food production
• the food system itself is a major contributor to climate change and other environmental harms

Question 2

what is the aim of the United food and agriculture organization

Answer 2

there aim is to eradicate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition; the illimination of poverty and the driving forward of economic and social progress for all; the sustainable management and utilization of natural recourses, including land, water, air, climate and genetic resources for the benefit or present and future generations

Question 3

what project did the food and agriculture organization set up in Honduras

Answer 3

they promoted entrepreneurship among rural youth. over 2000 young people were trained in farming skills, marketing and developing business skills. this resulted in 1500 successful microenterprises

Question 4

what are the world food program 4 objectives to end world hunger

Answer 4

1. save lives and protect livelihoods in emergencies
2. support food security and nutrition and re build livelihoods in fragile settings following emergencies
3. reduce the risk and enable people, communities and countries to meet their own food and nutrition needs
4. reduce undernutrition and break the intergenerational cycle of huger

Question 5

where does food security analysis provide informationto

Answer 5

Food security analysis provides information about the availability, accessibility, and utilization of food. This information can be used to inform programs and policies aimed at improving food security, by helping to identify vulnerable populations and areas where support may be needed. Additionally, food security analysis can help guide research and development efforts to develop new technologies and methods for improving foodproduction.

Question 6

why did many developing nations oppose agricultural subsides

Answer 6

they argued the high subsides were artificially driving down global crop prices, unfairly undermining small farmers and maintaining poverty in many developing countries

Question 7

how is subsidised faming a global obstacle

Answer 7

Subsidized farming is a global obstacle as it creates an uneven playing field for farmers around the world. According to the World Trade Organization, in 2018 agricultural subsidies totalled $567 billion globally. These subsidies distort international markets and reduce competition, resulting in decreased farm income and higher prices for consumers. Additionally, subsidies can lead to overproduction of certain crops, leading to food waste and environmentaldegradation.

Question 8

how have BRIIC established their agricultural subsides

Answer 8

Chinas agricultural subsides, estimated at $160 billion in 2012 now dwarf those in the USA at 19 billion. brazils agricultural subsides doubled in just 3 years and totalled about $10 billion in 2016

Question 9

what are the negative impacts of global subsides

Answer 9

The negative environmental impacts of global subsidies include soil erosion, water pollution, chemical runoff from fertilizers and pesticides, loss of biodiversity, and decreased water availability. Additionally, subsidized farming can lead to overproduction of certain crops, resulting in food waste, which can contribute to greenhousegasemissions.

Question 10

what are the 3 principles behind the European union agricultural policy (CAP)

Answer 10

1. it was to be a single agricultural market within which goods move freely
2. products grown in the EU were to be bought in preference to those outside the EU
3. EU member states finance for CAP

Question 11

what are the 4 main priorities for CAP

Answer 11

• increase agricultural productivity and self sufficiency
• ensure a fair standard of living for farmers
• stabilize markets
• ensure that food was available to consumers at a fair price

Question 12

how did common agricultural policy (CAP) benefit the EU food market

Answer 12

between 1958 and 1968 these aims were implemented into a single market in agriculture and a common set of market rules and prices were introduced by 1968. at the centre there was a a system of guaranteed prices for unlimited production. this encouraged farmers to maximise their production as it provided a guaranteed market. by 1973 the EU was practically self sufficient in cereals, beef, dairy produce, poultry and vegetables

Question 13

Common agricultural policy (CAP) led to 3 things. what are they are define them.

Answer 13

1. intensification - is the process of increasing farm productivity and efficiency while reducing environmental impact. This involves measures such as improved crop rotation, increased use of technology and precision farming, and better management of soil, water, and other natural resources.
2. concentration - is the process of consolidating and concentrating agricultural production in specific areas. This can involve measures such as large-scale monocultures, increased use of chemical inputs, and increased mechanization of farming operations.
3. specialization - is the process of focusing on specific types of agricultural production for a particular area. This can involve measures such as increasing production of certain crops or livestock, intensive use of technology and chemical inputs, and increased mechanization of farming operations. Specialization can lead to environmental degradation, including soil erosion, water pollution, and loss ofbiodiversity

Question 14

why was there a need to reform CAP

Answer 14

the price guarantees and intervention storage created surplus in cereals, beef, wine and milk. the EU was overproducing cereal by 20% while demand dropped. in some sectors technological and scientific improvements improved yields increasing surplus. consequently a larger proportion of EU funding was used to store and sell off surplus on the world market. the EU lost traditional trading there by reducing demand

Question 15

in 1992 what were the 5 reformed objectives

Answer 15

1. to increase Europe’s competitive agricultural base
2. to match production with demand
3. to support farm income
4. to stop the drift out of agriculture
5. to protect and develop the potential of the natural environment

Question 16

what challenges have CAP announced

Answer 16

• food security
• climate change
• looking after the countryside

Question 17

how do NGOs benefit those with lack of food

Answer 17

they help deliver food to those with insufficient access to food across low and middle income countries as well as some high income countries such as food banks in the UK.

Question 18

why do some people in high income countries suffer with lack of food

Answer 18

Some people in high-income countries suffer from lack of food due to poverty, a lack of access to fresh and nutritious food, or both. Poverty is often associated with inadequate wages, unstable employment, high costs of living, and limited access to public assistance programs. Additionally, those living in urban areas may not have access to fresh, nutritious food due to the lack of grocery stores, farmer’s markets, or other sources of affordable,healthyfood.

Question 19

what are WHOS 6 objectives while dealing with health issues

Answer 19

• providing leadership on matters critical on health and engaging in partnerships where joint act is needed
• shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge
• setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implications
• articulating ethical and evidence based policy options
• providing technical support, catalysing change, and building sustainable institutional capacity
• monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends

Question 20

name 5 factors set out by Colombia university to allow primary health by 2025

Answer 20

1. HICs should donate 0.1 % of GNI to LIC
2. half of that money to go to funding to fight AIDS,TB and malaria
3. LICs should allocate 15% of domestic revenue to health sector
4. the world should adopt plan for comprehensive malaria plan
5. global health fund should enable mass training an deployment of health workers in Africa

Question 21

what is health care based on

Answer 21

it is based on political development and market forces. but in general is based on curative medicine and the use of high technology techniques.

Question 22

what are the aims of primary health care, GOBIFFF

Answer 22

• growth monitoring
• oral rehydration
• breast feeding
• immunization
• food supplementation
• female education
• food fortification

Question 23

in theory how should health care demands increase

Answer 23

they should increase with more pregnant women, elderly and very young population. it should also increase with the amount of diseases found.

Question 24

what did Harts inverse case law (1971) say regarding health care

Answer 24

Harts Inverse Case Law (1971) argued that health care is a right for everyone, regardless of their financial or social status. The case established the principle that health care should not be denied to individuals due to their inability to pay, and that those unable to pay should receive free or subsidized health care. The case was widely influential in establishing universal access to health care in many countries aroundtheworld.

Question 25

whats medecins sans frontieres

Answer 25

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), also known as Doctors Without Borders, is an international humanitarian organization that provides medical care in crisis and conflict zones around the world. MSF was founded in 1971 and has since provided medical aid to those affected by war, natural disasters, epidemics, and other emergencies in over 70 countries. According to MSF, in 2019 the organization provided medical care to more than 11.5 million people, launched over 280 medical projects, and employed over40,000staff.

Question 26

define TNCs

Answer 26

Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are large, multinational businesses that span multiple countries. TNCs often have vast resources, allowing them to expand their operations and influence globally. TNCs are often criticized for contributing to the unequal distribution of wealth, exploiting workers and natural resources, and influencing politics in pursuit of theirowninterests.

Question 27

how are TNCs affecting food types in countries

Answer 27

some processed foods such have bread have been in our diets in many countries for years. others such as burgers and chips have became popular in counties since 1970. since the 1980s the transnational manufacture of packaging has allowed snacks to have a longer shelf life and have replaced meals. the market share has increased in HICs and now slowly LICs

Question 28

what are the main interests of TNCs

Answer 28

there marketing penetration has largely plateaued, and TNCs now have designed designer water and healthy drinks to satisfy demands for healthy diets. TNCs are now starting to look at LICs to sell convenience foods in countries such as India and china where incomes are rising for many people leaving rural areas for urban ones. therefore we are seeing a great impact on nutrition.

Question 29

what are global value chains

Answer 29

Global value chains (GVCs) are networks of international production, which include the activities and processes of manufacturing, trading, and distributing goods. GVCs are integral to understanding global connections between countries in terms of trade and production. In geography, GVCs can be studied from a variety of perspectives, including economic, cultural, political, andenvironmental.

Question 30

what does each stage of the global value chain do and who drives the connections

Answer 30

each stage of the food production system connects countries on a global scale, and these connections are driven by the practice of lead firms in developed countries. within the global value chain are the global Agri business companies, food manufactures, fast food franchises and retailers. these are linked together on global and local scales

Question 31

how to companies adapt there products for international sales with a example.

Answer 31

each company adapts its products or its marketing to local preferences. for example in 2000 MacDonald’s introduced salads, low fat deserts, a wider range of chicken and fish dishes and more regional dishes and then in 2004 it discontinued supersized markets. in 2006 it started to put nutritional information on their packaging with icons for fat, protein and calories

Question 32

in developing countries what is the role of women regarding food security in households

Answer 32

in developing countries women and men play different roles in guaranteeing food security in their households. while men are responsible for growing crops, women are usually responsible for growing and preparing most of the food and rearing small livestock which contributes to protein. they also carry out most of the food processing which ensures diverse diets.

Question 33

how is female inequality and discrimination affecting female hunger

Answer 33

Female inequality and discrimination is a major issue affecting women’s access to food. Women are more likely to be food insecure, face higher levels of poverty, and have limited access to nutritious food due to lower wages, discriminatory pricing, and limited control over household resources and decisions. Additionally, women’s unpaid labour in the home and their limited access to public assistance and social protection programs can further limit their abilitytoaccessfood. it also shows that child survival increases by 20% when a women controls the household food.

Question 34

what are benefits to closing the gender gap in agricultural production

Answer 34

Closing the gender gap in agricultural production could have several benefits, including increased food security, improved nutrition and diets, increased economic growth, and improved livelihoods. According to a study by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), closing the gender gap in agriculture could increase global agricultural yields by up to 30%, add up to $2.7 trillion to global GDP, and reduce global poverty by 12%. Additionally, closing the gender gap would empower women by increasing their access to resources and decision-makingpower.

Question 35

name 7 factors affecting food insecurity

Answer 35

• inadequate nutrition
• time spent caring
• poor education
• energy diverted to walking and carrying
• no access to finance
• no access to markets
• low family status

Question 36

How have g=females faced a double burden

Answer 36

Despite the fact that many women have joined the workforce in recent decades, their continued tasks in the domestic sphere mean that they increasingly confront a “double burden” of paid and unpaid work.
Domestic roles include bearing and rearing children, and caring for other dependents such as the elderly, as well as day-to-day maintenance of the household. It has been noted that, even in HICs, gender equality has proceeded at a faster pace outside the domestic sphere than within it.

Question 37

How can females reduce there caring roles

Answer 37

Women in developing countries continue to be the prime carers of children and the use of childcare facilities outside the family is limited.
Moreover, having fewer children does not necessarily reduce women’s caring role. Women’s roles have expanded rather than changed.

Question 38

What is the main characteristic of a changing demographic

Answer 38

The growth of an ageing population is one of the main characteristics of demographic change, not only in HICs but in newly industrialized countries (NICs) and, increasingly, LICs. In terms of absolute numbers,
most elderly people live in LICs, and this majority is set to increase.
Moreover, the pace at which populations are ageing is much more rapid in LICs and NICs than in HICs.

Question 39

Which context is ageing occurring in

Answer 39

Ageing in LICs and NICs is occurring in contexts where the household continues to provide the bulk of financial, physical and emotional support for aged and infirm dependents.

Question 40

Who is the growth of elderly relying on

Answer 40

The impact of the growth of elderly dependents falls disproportionately on women,
particularly wives and daughters-in-law.

Question 41

What is the sandwich analogy

Answer 41

The trend towards delayed childbearing may mean that the care required by old or frail dependents increasingly coincides with that demanded by children: what has been termed “the sandwich” generation is stuck in the middle of caring for both their own children and their own parents.

Question 42

Why was the one child policy placed in china

Answer 42

In China, for example, children are legally bound to look after their parents. As a result of the one-child policy, two one-child children who marry could end up caring for five people, that is, their four parents and their one child. Rural-to-urban migration of family members may compound the effects of fertility decline and further diminish the number of people with whom caregiving responsibilities may be shared.

Question 43

In the US how many older people rely on families and friends for assistance

Answer 43

In the USA, up to two-thirds of older people with long-term care needs rely exclusively on family and friends to provide assistance. An estimated 66 per cent o caregivers are female, and the value of the informal care that they provide ranges from $148 billion to $188 billion annually. While women are the major providers of long-term care in the USA, they also have long-term care needs of their own. Women live longer than men, tend to outlive their spouses, and have less access to retirement savings such as pensions.

Question 44

What is six things did a study on female caregivers highlight

Answer 44

• 33 per cent of working women reduced their work hours
• 29 per cent passed up a job promotion, training or assignment
• 22 per cent took a leave of absence
• 20 per cent switched from full-time to part-time employment
• 16 per cent quit their jobs
• 13 per cent retired early.

Question 45

What is negative impacts can a woman receive from being a caregiver

Answer 45

Women caregivers are likely to spend an average of 12 years out of the workforce raising children and caring for an older relative or friend.
They are significantly less likely to receive a pension and, when they do, the pension is about half the amount that men receive. Moreover, the toll that caregiving takes is not just financial: higher levels of depression, anxiety and other mental health challenges are common among women caring for an older relative or friend.

Question 46

What eight factors affect the severity of the famine

Answer 46

• the length and severity of drought - the longer and more severe the drought, the greater the impact of famine
• governance - where there is poor governance, populations are not protected and the risk of food scarcity increases
• the power of the media - the media has great power in bringing to the attention of the public the impacts of hazards, and the ability to raise funds for disaster relief
• access to international aid - aid needs to be directed to those who need it
• population growth - rapid population growth, particularly as a result of refugees and internationally displaced people (IDPs), increases the impact of famine in an area
• unemployment and entitlement to food - people unable to pay for food are just as vulnerable to famine as those who cannot grow food
• civil unrest, including war - this disrupts food production, food supply and decreases the number of young workers, thereby increasing the impacts of famine
• access to land and production of food.

Question 47

How can emergency aid help those suffering a famine

Answer 47

Emergency aid can help those suffering the effects of famine in the short term, but long-term plans need to be put in place to mitigate the effects.
Food assistance interventions must be designed to empower poor people to build productive assets such as water-harvesting tanks, dams and irrigation projects. Foreign companies should not be permitted to grow crops for export only.

Question 48

How has Ethiopia been affected by a famine

Answer 48

Ethiopia has been plagued by famines since the 16th century. In recent times, famine struck the country in 1973 (40,000 starved in the north-east and around 55,000 died in the Ogaden region) and between 1983 and 1985, when areas of northern Ethiopia and Eritrea were affected in what is regarded as the country’s worst famine in a century. Estimates of the number of deaths ranged from 400,000 to one million people.
Millions of others were made destitute. The
1983-5 famine was widely reported in the media and received much publicity. It also led to the Band Aid and Live Aid concerts.

Question 49

In 2015 in Ethiopia, what factor made the famine severe?

Answer 49

In 2015, the seasonal rains that usually fall between June and September in north-eastern, central and southern Ethiopia did not arrive.
According to the UN, this was Ethiopia’s worst drought in 30 years. Around 90 per cent of cereal production is harvested in autumn, after the summer long rainy season, and the rest at the end of spring after the end of the short rainy season.

Question 50

How are the Ethiopian government tackling famine?

Answer 50

These days, early-warning systems (Figure F.47) alert the government when famine threatens, and in 2015 the government was able to respond more quickly to the crisis than in 1983-5. There is evidence that in 2015-16 the Ethiopian government made provision to mitigate the impact of poor harvests, such as establishing a social security net so that poorer farmers can access funds for public works such as digging water holes. The Ethiopian government pledged $192 million for emergency food and other assistance, diverting money from projects such as road construction. The “international community” promised a further $163 million. Aid agencies suggested that $600 million was needed.

Question 51

Cause the drought in Ethiopia, and what did it affect?

Answer 51

The drought was caused by the El Niño weather system, and resulted in a 90 per cent reduction in crop yields. (See pages 56-58 for a discussion of El Niño.) The famine, though, was brought about by factors including poor governance and state neglect. The key factors driving the famine, then and now, include the selling off of land to international corporations for industrial farming- that is, “land grabs”. Another criticism was that in 1983-5 much food relief was channelled towards the military. A further factor was the large number of refugees in Ethiopia: more than 650,000 refugees from Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Eritrea are in Ethiopia, and this places a large burden on water and land resources.

Question 52

Are the people in Ethiopia being supported through the famine?

Answer 52

At first, some in the Ethiopian government claimed the country could handle the drought itself. In December, they said about 10.2 million people were in need of $1.4 billion in aid, with 400,000 children severely malnourished. This is in addition to 8 million people supported by the government safety net even before the drought. To date, less than 50 per cent of the appeal has been met, and the worst could be yet to come. In 2015-16 international donors were distracted by a string of humanitarian disasters around the world, such as in Syria and South Sudan.
This meant that there was much less media coverage, and so less publicity compared with
1983-5. Events in Syria were more dramatic than the failure of the rains, although the failure of the rains probably caused more deaths.

Question 53

What organisations are helping support famine in Ethiopia

Answer 53

Nevertheless, a number of organizations are working in Ethiopia, including the World Food Programme (WFP), Save the Children and the FAO. The WFP is helping to feed the refugees and also supporting the government’s second five-year Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), a school meals programme and a vulnerability and mapping unit (VAM). Save the Children Ethiopia reported substantial livestock losses in the Afar region. It had also mobilized $100 million, while the FAO announced a $50 million plan to assist agriculture- and livestock-dependent households.