E.3 - Toursim And Sport At The International Scale Flashcards
Define niche tourism
Niche tourism refers to special-interest tourism catering for relatively small numbers of tourists. There are many types of niche tourism, including heritage-tourism, ecotourism, agro-tourism, business, medical, adventure, wilderness, grey (or “silver”), tribal, and dark tourism.
Define mass tourism
mass tourism is typified by the package tour in which itineraries are fixed, stops are planned and guided, and all major decisions are made by the organizer. Familiarity is at a maximum and novelty at a minimum, and safety and companionship is gained from travelling in large crowds.
Define adventure tourism
Adventure tourism is a form of niche tourism that involves travel to a remote area and some level of perceived (sometimes real) risk. Adventure tourism has increased in popularity in recent decades.
What are the demographics of adventure tourism
In 2014 over half of all adventure tourists were female, over one third had spent 4 or more year in higher education, and over 10% had profesional qualifications
What are the 3 sectors of adventure tourism
Soft - eg. Hunting, surfing
Hard - eg. Sailing, safaris
Other - eg. Snorkelling, visiting family
Which market has Greenland targeted (adventure tourism)
The North American market accounting for 25% of people visiting the country.
How much did adventure tourism grow between 2010 and 2014
195%
What attraction does Greenland land offer with adventure tourism
• ethnophiles visit to gain a greater understanding of indigenous people and their culture
- cultural tourists may be attracted by museums, Viking ruins,
Economusee workshops
• nature tourists are attracted by whale watching and bird watching in the Sermermiut Valley and Disko Bay
wilderness tours iPhoto it asted by the opportunity to trek in wilderness areas (Photo E. 15)
Extreme adventure tourists are able to cross the Greenland icesheet, limb ice difts and go heli-sking
sightseers may do so from the luxury of a cruise ship.
Where was the film the beach set
It was set on maya beach in the phi phi Leah islands in the 2000
How many tourists did the movie the beach attract to the beach
It has attracted around 8,000 people at its peak. In 2017, 2 million people visited the island and over 1.7 million people went to Maya Bay, creating an income of $21 million dollars to the island
What economic benefits did the movie the beach bring to Thailand
Over 35 million tourists visited the country accounting for 21% of the countries GDP for 2017. When the bay closed in 2018 huge concerns were brought regarding the drop in tourist income, and how it will impact the countries GDP.
How did touristm by the beach create environmental issues
created huge environmental damage to the bay and its surroundings. With the high rates of tourists and around 200 boats visiting a day, it has caused 80% of the coral reef once there to have been destroyed due to pollution from boats, littering and sunscreen. It was found that the high levels of sunscreen in the water had caused coral bleaching and disrupted the oceans PH .
How did the thi authorities reverse the impact of the film tourism of the bay
.Due to this in 2018 the bay was closed by Thai authorities to follow a regeneration program, and in 2022 they started to let limited amounts of tourists back onto the bay. The regeneration program removed rubbish from the beach, planted new coral and trees and encouraged the return of wildlife. You can now only enter the bay by foot and tourists have been limited to 2,400 a day on organised trips only, to limit environmental impact
Define heritage tourism
Heritage tourism relates to travel to experience the place, artefacts, historic sites and indigenous people of an area. It is sometimes referred to as cultural tourism.
What is Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu along with Cuzco and other archaeological sites of the valley of the River Urubamba bear testimony to the unique Inca civilization. It was a centre of worship as well as a private retreat for the family of Inca ruler Pachacutec. It is split into two major areas: the agricultural zone, made up of terracing and food storehouses, and the urban zone featured as sacred temples, squares and royal tombs. It is a World Heritage Site and in 2007 it was selected as one of the new seven wonders of the world along with the Great Wall of China, the Coliseum and the Taj Mahal.
What is the nature appeal of Machu Picchu
Standing 2,430 m above sea level in the midst of a tropical mountain forest, it was probably one of the most amazing creations of the empire at its height. It covers 32,500 hectares with its giant walls, terraces and ramps. It is situated on the eastern slopes of the Andes, which is also noted for its rich diversity of flora and fauna.
How is Machu Picchu culturally significant
As the last stronghold of the Incas and of superb architectural and archaeological importance, Machu Picchu is one of the most attractive cultural sites in Latin America. Also culturally significant is that the local communities adopt a traditional lifestyle that closely resembles that of their ancestors. For example, their diet is based on potatoes, maize and llama meat.
What is social benefits does Machu Picchu bring
Encourages civic pride.
Provides cultural exchange between visitors and locals
Benefits also spread to the country as a whole.
Encourages the celebration of particular customs and cultural events.
Encourages the learning of new languages and foreign
custams.
Improvement of infrastructure (electricity, water supply, sewerage and communications] benefits local people.
What are the economic benefits of Machu Picchu
It attracts affluent tourists.
It provides valuable foreign exchange, which can be invested in local services and projects, connected to development.
Extra tax revenue for the government derives from accommodation, restaurants, airports, sales, Inca Trail and Machu Picchu entrance fees at $20 per ticket.
It provides direct employment (accommodation, guides and visitor transport) and indirect employment (food production and housing construction). Tourism is a labour-intensive
industry.
Tourism can produce a “multiplier effect” whereby money generated in one sector of the economy benefits another sector, and the amount of money circulating in the economy increases.
What are the environmental benefits of Machu Picchu?
Tourism has conserved natural and cultural resources that would have become derelict otherwise.
What are the social costs of Machu Picchu?
cultural conflicts and abandonment of traditional customs ad moral values
Increase in local crime.
What are the economic costs of Machu Picchu?
.It inflates local prices of goods and services
Jobs in tourism are mainly seasonal.
Tourism is volatile and subject to downtums as a result of external influences such as world economic recession or terrorism. High dependence upon tourism either locally or nationally can be risky.
“Leakage” can easily occur. This means that money generated to tourism does not stay in the country but returns home. This occurs when local tour operators are not used.
What are their environmental costs of Machi Picchu?
Visitor numbers are increasing by 6 per cent per year leading to footpath erosion because numbers are beyond carrying capacity.
Heavy rainfall, steep slopes, deforestation and trampling of vegetation can lead to landslides.
The local infrastructure cannot cope with recent urbanization, in particular hotel-building, e g. Aguas Callentes. The Urubamba river is overloaded with untreated sewage and its banks are covered with garbage.
Helicopter flights introduce noise and
disturbance.
What are the environmental costs of Machu Picchu
Visitor numbers are increasing by 6 per cent per year leading to footpath erosion because numbers are beyond carrying capacity.
Heavy rainfall, steep slopes, deforestation and trampling of vegetation can lead to landslides.
The local infrastructure cannot cope with recent urbanization, in particular hotel-building, e g. Aguas Callentes. The Urubamba river is overloaded with untreated sewage and its banks are covered with garbage.
Helicopter flights introduce noise and
disturbance.
How are UNESCO planning to reduce pressure by tourism at Machu Picchu
UNESCO authorities are concerned about deforestation, the risk of landslides, uncontrolled urban development and illegal access to this sanctuary. UNESCO has considered adding the site to the endangered list but so far has not done so. The Ministry of Culture is thinking of limiting the day pass to three hours and limiting the time at each point. The officials are also considering offering alternative checkpoints to get into Machu Picchu to alleviate congestion at the entrance gates. Only 400 people per day are allowed to climb Huayna Picchu and there is a limit of 500 daily permits for the Inca Trail.
What is the 5 points urged by unesco for Peru to adopt to reduce pressure at Machu Picchu
• “The entrance for visitors into the Inca city of Machu Picchu will be conducted in an orderly manner and be based on previously organized groups of at most 20 people”, the regulations state.
• Stricter procedures for guides will require them to wear uniforms and have clearly visible credentials.
• They will be limited to three established routes through the Inca Citadel and their clients will be “expressly prohibited” from “leaving an organized tourist group to join another and/or divert to a different guide or person”.
• Time limits of 3-5 minutes to stop and appreciate some of Machu Picchu’s most significant and sacred points of interest, including the Intihuatana, the Temple of the Condor, the Water Mirrors and the Temple of the Sun. The purpose is to prevent bottleneck traffic jams, the regulations say.
• “Keep Moving” signs and park guards blow shrill whistles when tourists stray unintentionally into increasingly restricted territory.
What were the tourist levels like in 2011 at Machu Picchu
Since 2011, the average daily number of visitors at Machu Picchu has far exceeded the daily limit of 2,500 agreed to by Peru and UNESCO. The number of visitors to Machu Picchu surpassed 1 million tourists for the first time ever in 2012.
How does TNCs stimulate economic growth and development in LICs
In many LICs tourism has the potential to stimulate economic growth and development. It generates over 6 per cent of global GNP and 13 per cent of consumer spending. Many LICs possess primary resources (such as beaches, warm climates, forests, mountains, wildlife, heritage features, indigenous people) and secondary resources such as hotels which tourists wish to access. It would be difficult for the individual tourist to arrange their transport and accommodation independently. Moreover, LICs may not have all of the infrastructure in place to develop their own tourist industry. So they have been forced to rely upon the transnational corporations (TNCs) concerned with tourism to organize and market these resources and products.
Where are TNCs usually based
The TNCs are usually based in HICs. For example, the eight largest hotel chains in the world are all US-based companies. Although the LICs have become politically independent, the exploitation of their resources by the tourists of HICs has been unsustainable.
Explain what Hilton world wide is
Hilton Worldwide is an example of a TNC involved in tourism. It was founded in 1919 by Conrad Hilton in the USA and now has over 4,600 hotels in 100 countries. It is the largest hotel chain in the world, by rooms and international presence, with over 750,000 rooms. Since 2005, the company has been a sponsor of the US Olympic Team.
What benefits does Hilton hotels bring
Hilton is credited with the development of the first airport hotel, in San Francisco in 1949. Hilton has concentrated on hotels. It has a number of brands including luxury hotels, such as the Conrad Hotels and Resorts and the Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts, and full service hotels, such as the Hilton Hotels and Resorts. It employs over 160,000 people worldwide.
How did Thomas cook start
Thomas Cook Group is a tourism TNC that has diversified. Thomas Cook was originally founded in 1841 to take passengers between the cities of Leicester, Derby, Birmingham and Nottingham, in the UK. Its first tours to Europe took place in 1855 and to the USA in 1865. In 1974, Thomas Cook introduced
“circular notes” which National business chains Competitors were later to become traveller’s cheques.
How is Thomas cook a vertically integrated company
In the UK, Thomas Cook became a “vertically Government integrated company Tourism Planners
providing air transport, hotels, resorts, cruise lines and a tour operator.
