6.2 - measuring food and health - food systems and the spread of disease

Question 1

define arable farming

Answer 1

the cultivation of crops such as wheat farming

Question 2

define pastoral farming

Answer 2

rearing animals

Question 3

define commercial farming

Answer 3

products sold to make a profit such as market gardening

Question 4

define substance farming

Answer 4

products consumed by cultivators

Question 5

define intensive farming

Answer 5

high inputs or yields per unit area

Question 6

define extensive farming

Answer 6

low inputs or yields per unit area

Question 7

define nomadic farming

Answer 7

farmers moving seasonally with their herds

Question 8

what sedentary farming

Answer 8

farmers remaining in the same place throughout the year

Question 9

what factors affect farming

Answer 9

There are several factors that can affect farming activities, such as climate, land availability, technology, and market demand. Climate can have a major impact on crops and livestock, as it affects the growing season and the amount of water available for irrigation. Land availability is also an important factor, as some areas may be too dry, mountainous, or urbanized to support farming. Technology can also play a role, as new methods of production, storage, and processing can help increase yields and efficiency. Finally, market demand can influence what crops and livestock farmers choosetoproduce.

Question 10

what are the input and output of intensive substance farming

Answer 10

Intensive substance farming is the practice of cultivating or harvesting substances that have a high value and are in high demand, such as narcotics or industrial chemicals. The inputs for this type of farming include labor, land, equipment, and chemicals. The outputs of intensive substance farming include the harvested substances and by-products such as fertilizer, fuel, and othermaterials.

Question 11

what are the inputs and outputs of intensive commercial farming

Answer 11

Intensive commercial farming is the practice of using large amounts of inputs, such as fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, to maximize agricultural yields. The inputs for intensive commercial farming include labor, land, equipment, and chemicals. The outputs of intensive commercial farming include the harvested crops and livestock that are used for both human consumption and animal feed. Additionally, intensive commercial farming can lead to environmental impacts, such as soil erosion, water pollution, and biodiversityloss.

Question 12

explain energy efficiency ratio

Answer 12

the energy efficacy ratio is a measure of the amount of energy inputs into a system compared with the outputs. in traditional agroforestry system the inputs are very low. however the outputs from hunting and gathering may be quite high. in contrast the inputs into intensive pastoral farming or greenhouse cultivation may be very great but returns may be quote low

Question 13

define energy efficiency ratio and how to calculate it

Answer 13

The energy efficiency ratio (EER) is a measure of the efficiency of an air conditioning system. It is calculated by dividing the cooling capacity of the system in BTUs per hour by the total electrical power consumed by the system in watts. A higher EER indicates a more energy-efficientsystem.

Question 14

define water footprints

Answer 14

A water footprint is the total amount of water used to produce a product, including direct and indirect water use. Direct water use is the water required to grow crops or raise animals for food products, while indirect water use is the water used to manufacture products. The water footprint of a product can help identify how much water is used in its production and which areas of the world are most affectedbythatusage.

Question 15

what physical and human factors lead to variation in food consumption

Answer 15

Physical factors that can lead to variations in food consumption include climate, soil fertility, water availability, and land availability. Climate can affect what crops can be grown and how much food can be produced, while soil fertility and water availability influence the yield of those crops. Human factors that can lead to variations in food consumption include population size, affluence, culture, and dietary preferences. Population size affects the demand for food, while affluence, culture, and dietary preferences determine what types of foodareconsumed.

Question 16

what impacts the distribution of food

Answer 16

the political and economic system in which food is produced, distributed and consumed

Question 17

define food entitlement deficit

Answer 17

Food entitlement deficit is the difference between a population’s need for food and its access to it. It is measured by comparing the amount of food required to meet the population’s caloric and nutrient needs with the amount of food actually available to them. Access to food is affected by factors such as economic inequality, climate change, conflict, and naturaldisasters.

Question 18

define food availability deficit

Answer 18

Food availability deficit is the difference between the amount of food that is available in a particular region and the amount of food that is required to meet the needs of that population. It is measured by comparing the amount of food produced or imported with the amount of food required to meet the population’s caloric and nutrient needs. Availability deficits can be caused by factors such as economic inequality, climate change, conflict, and naturaldisasters.

Question 19

what factors affect food consumption

Answer 19

income and level of education influence food choice via the recourses available to purchase a higher quality food. diet may vary depending on the availability of income to purchase more healthy, nutrient rich food. for a low income family, price plays a larger role than taste and quality in wealthier the food will be purchased. the variety of foods carried in neighbourhood stores may also influence diet and some may live in a food desert

Question 20

how does urbanization impact diet in cape town

Answer 20

there has been a number of black Africans living in urban areas. urbanization is commonly accompanied by change in diet. consumption of traditional food is largely associated with poverty and consequently as people move into the city there diets become westernized. this leads to high levels of obesity and type 2 diabetes

Question 21

how does age and gender affect food consumption

Answer 21

Age and gender can both affect food consumption in different ways. Generally, older individuals tend to consume more nutrient-dense foods than younger individuals, while women tend to eat more fruits and vegetables than men. Additionally, women tend to be more likely to follow traditional dietary guidelines, while men may be more likely to experiment with new food choices. Lastly, cultural and religious beliefs can also influence an individual’sfoodchoices.

Question 22

how is the consumption of meat and vegtables varied

Answer 22

meat consumption is associated with high socio economic status, while the consumption of vegetables is only associated with low economic status

Question 23

how did the middle east food consumption change

Answer 23

food consumption changed as revenue from oil started to appear. food subsides adversely affected eating habits in the gulf states encouraging intake of fats, sugars, rice, wheat flour and meat. sociocultural factors such as religion, beliefs, food preferences, gender discrimination, education and women’s employment have also influenced food consumption patterns. mass media televised food adverts. migration affected food practices

Question 24

what are the worlds leading obesity experts saying about reducing the epidemic

Answer 24

controls should be put in place to stop companies marketing unhealthy foods and drinks that make children overweight and sunt their growth

Question 25

what are the obesity rates in England

Answer 25

a third of 10-11 year olds and a fifth of 4-5 year olds are overweight or obese

Question 26

what does children’s poor nutrition do

Answer 26

it leads to stunting and obesity. a study in England shows that children in poor households are not only likely to be fatter but also shorter than children from affluent families

Question 27

whats the hagerstrand diffusion curve

Answer 27

The Hagerstrand diffusion curve is a model that was developed by Swedish geographer Torsten Hagerstrand to explain the spread of innovation. The model suggests that the rate of adoption of an innovation follows a bell-shaped curve, with an initial period of slow adoption followed by a period of rapid adoption, and eventually a plateau as the majority of the population has adoptedtheinnovation.

Question 28

define disease diffusion

Answer 28

Disease diffusion is the spread of a disease from one population to another. It occurs through the transmission of pathogens, either directly through contact between individuals or indirectly via vectors such as insects or animals. Disease diffusion can occur over long distances, but it can also be limited to a particular region or localized to a specific groupofpeople.

Question 29

name the 4 different types of disease diffusion

Answer 29

namely expansion diffusion, contagious diffusion, hierarchal diffusion and relocation diffusion

Question 30

what are some barriers of diffusion

Answer 30

Some of the barriers to disease diffusion include physical and geographical barriers, such as mountains, deserts, and oceans; social and cultural barriers, such as language, religion, and customs; economic barriers, such as access to healthcare and education; and political barriers, such as international borders and laws. Additionally, adoption of preventive measures, such as vaccination or improved hygiene practices, can also limit the spreadofdiseases.

Question 31

define expansion diffusion

Answer 31

Expansion diffusion is a type of diffusion in which an idea, innovation, or behavior is adopted by successive groups of people, gradually spreading outward from its original source. Expansion diffusion can occur over large distances and is often used to explain the spread of culture, technology, and language, as well as the diffusion of religious beliefsandpractices.

Question 32

define relocation diffusion

Answer 32

Relocation diffusion is a type of diffusion in which an idea, innovation, or behavior is spread through the physical movement of people from one area to another. Relocation diffusion is one of the most common and effective ways of spreading ideas or behaviors, as it allows for the direct transmission of that idea or behavior from persontoperson.

Question 33

define contagious diffusion

Answer 33

Contagious diffusion is a type of diffusion in which an idea, innovation, or behavior is spread through direct contact between individuals. This type of diffusion is often used to explain the spread of infectious diseases, as well as the spread of certain behaviors or attitudes among socialnetworks.

Question 34

define hierarchical diffusion

Answer 34

Hierarchial diffusion is a type of diffusion in which an idea, innovation, or behavior is spread through lower-level individuals in an organization or social group. For example, an idea may start at the top of an organization and spread downwards to the middle managers and eventually to the lower-level workers. This type of diffusion is often used to explain the spread of ideas or behaviors within organizations orsocialgroups.

Question 35

define network diffusion

Answer 35

Network diffusion is a type of diffusion in which an idea, innovation, or behavior is spread through informal networks such as family, friends, coworkers, or social media contacts. This type of diffusion is often used to explain the spread of certain behaviors or attitudes among socialnetworks.

Question 36

how is zika virus spread

Answer 36

its a mosquito born virus that can be spread through sexual contact and through the bite of a infected mosquito. it arrived in brazil in 2014 and has spread to 21 countries through travel.

Question 37

what are the symptoms

Answer 37

only a fifth of infected people fall ill, usually with a mild fever or rash, joint aches and red eye. it can cause birth defects in children and neurological problems in adults. in 2015 women were recommended in Colombia to delay pregnancy until 2018

Question 38

how was the virus affecting babies in 2015 in north coast brazil

Answer 38

there was a huge increase in babies born with microcephaly - an abnormally small head - often with the consequent brain damage. there were over 3500 cases in 4 months in that area

Question 39

what are the prevention methods for zika virus

Answer 39

Some of the prevention methods for Zika virus include using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants, using air conditioning or window and door screens to keep mosquitoes out of your home, removing standing water where mosquitoes can breed, and practicing safe sex to avoid sexually-transmitted infections. Additionally, pregnant women should take extra precautions to avoid mosquito bites, as the virus can be passed from a mother to herunbornchild.

Question 40

whats malaria and symptoms

Answer 40

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that is caused by parasites belonging to the Plasmodium genus. It is a major public health problem and is estimated to cause over 500 million infections each year, resulting in more than 400,000 deaths. Symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and nausea. Treatment includes drugs to kill the parasite, such as quinineorchloroquine.

Question 41

how many countries have malaria

Answer 41

in 2015, 95 countries had ongoing malaria transmission

Question 42

in 2015 what are the rates of malaria compared to before

Answer 42

malaria incidents fell by 37% globally. at the same time death rates by the disease fell by 60% globally and 65% in children under 5

Question 43

where is malaria most prominent

Answer 43

Sub-Sahara Africa carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. in 2015 the region suffered 88% of malaria cases and 90% of deaths

Question 44

what are the environmental preferences of malaria

Answer 44

the malaria mosquito thrives in temperatures above 20 degrees allowing its complete life cycle. the mosquito is a primary host and the human is secondary. the mosquitos ideal environment is stagnant water, estuaries, deltas and irrigation channels. they are usually found in densely populated agricultural areas.

Question 45

what is the cost of treating malaria

Answer 45

global finance for malaria control increased from a ensitmate of $960 million in 2005 to $2.5 billion in 2014

Question 46

what are the symptoms of malaria

Answer 46

Symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and nausea. In severe cases, it can cause anemia, seizures, coma, respiratory failure, and even death. It is important to seek medical help if you experience any of these symptoms, as early treatment canbelife-saving.

Question 47

which groups are at the highest risk of catching malaria

Answer 47

children, pregnant women and patients with HIV/AIDS, as wells as non immune migrants

Question 48

how is malaria transmitted

Answer 48

Malaria is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitos, which feed on human blood. When the mosquito bites an infected person and then bites another person, the parasites are transferred from one person to the other. It can also be spread from mother to unborn child or through bloodtransfusions.

Question 49

explain the vector controlled method of preventing malaria

Answer 49

Vector control is a method of preventing the spread of malaria by reducing or eliminating the populations of the disease-carrying mosquitos. This can be done through various methods such as insecticide-treated bednets, indoor residual spraying, larval source management, and biological control. This approach has been effective in controlling malaria in some partsoftheworld.

Question 50

how do public health programs suggest malaria prevention

Answer 50

through the use of long lasting insecticidal nets. the WHO said the most cost effective way to achieve lower rates of malaria is by providing these nets for free.

Question 51

which medication can be used to prevent malaria

Answer 51

antimalarial medicines can be used. for travellers malaria can be prevented through chemoprophylaxis which supress the blood stage of malaria thereby preventing the malarial disease

Question 52

how can malaria be treated

Answer 52

Malaria can be treated with drugs to kill the parasite, such as quinine or chloroquine. It is important to seek medical help immediately if you experience any symptoms of malaria, as early treatment can be life-saving. Additionally, it is also recommended to take preventative measures to avoid mosquito bites, as there is no vaccine availableformalaria.

Question 53

whats the effect of antimalarial drug resistance

Answer 53

Antimalarial drug resistance can have serious implications for public health, as it can lead to increased spread of malaria and more severe illness in those infected. Additionally, it can reduce the efficacy of current treatment methods, require the use of more expensive or less available medications, and lead to the emergence of new strains of malaria that are resistant to all availabledrugs.

Question 54

explain the WHO strategy for tackling malaria

Answer 54

According to the WHO estimates, in 2018 the total number of malaria cases globally was around 228 million and the death toll was at 405,000. In order to reduce these figures, the WHO has implemented a comprehensive strategy to tackle malaria that includes strengthening health systems, improving access to diagnosis and treatment, increasing vector control, providing education and awareness on the disease, and developing new technologies andinterventions.

Question 55

explain Cholera

Answer 55

Cholera is a serious, potentially life-threatening bacterial infection of the small intestine. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. It is spread by contaminated food or water, and it can be treated with antibiotics and rehydration. Prevention measures include improved access to clean water and sanitationsystems.

Question 56

how many deaths a year are there from cholera

Answer 56

5% of people develop sever dehydration which kill them within hours. there are 2800-142000 deaths a year.

Question 57

how can cholera be treated

Answer 57

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2018 there were an estimated 1.3 million cases of cholera worldwide, leading to more than 3,500 deaths. Treatment of cholera includes antibiotics and rehydration therapy. To prevent the spread of the disease, improved access to clean water and sanitation systems is necessary. Additionally, awareness campaigns and immunization programs can help reduce the incidenceofcholera.

Question 58

what are some prevention and control methods of cholera

Answer 58

Prevention and control methods for cholera include improved access to clean water and sanitation systems, awareness campaigns to promote better hygiene practices, immunization programs, and vector control measures. Additionally, proper food-handling and cooking practices can help reduce the risk of contractingcholera.

Question 59

whats the energy efficiency ratio of agroforestry

Answer 59

The energy efficiency ratio (EER) of agroforestry measures the amount of energy returned from a system compared to the amount of energy required for establishment and maintenance. The EER of agroforestry systems can be improved through the use of innovative technologies, such as integrated pest management systems and water-harvesting techniques. Additionally, agroforestry systems often have higher levels of biodiversity, which can contribute to increasedefficiency.