D.3 - Hazard And Vulnerability Flashcards

Question 1

Q

When was the Haiti earthquake

Answer

A

January 12 2010

Question 2

Q

Where is Haiti

Answer

A

Small country in Caribbean Sea
SE of Cuba
Western half of island with Dominican Republic

-Port-au-Prince found in the south
- Near the coast

Question 3

Q

What is the population of Haiti and there economic rates

Answer

A

Population: 11 million
2.6 mil in capital city Port-au-Prince and surrounding metropolitan area
Poverty rate: 59%
GDP per capita $1,800 PPP
Doctors per 1000: 0.23

Question 4

Q

What is the geophysical context of Haiti

Answer

A

On transform plate boundary
North American and Caribbean Plates
Located on Gonave Microplate in-between
Transform Haiti North American
Caribbean (THNAC)
Occurred on transform fault

Question 5

Q

What caused the Haiti earthquake

Answer

A

Occurred on transform fault
Caused by rupture of Enriquillo-Plantain
Garden fault
Had been locked for 250 years
Had been gathering stress

Question 6

Q

What time was the Haiti earthquake

Answer

A

January 12, 2010:
- Struck at 4:53pm
• Near town of Leogâne
• 25km west of Port-au-Prince
• 8 aftershocks in the next 2 hours

Question 7

Q

What was the magnitude of the Haiti earthquake

Answer

A

7.0 on the Richter scale
after shock up to 5.9
focused 13km bellow surface
(Shallow)

Question 8

Q

What was the duration of the Haiti earthquake

Answer

A

Earthquake lasted only a few seconds
In the next 12 days, 52 aftershocks were recorded

Question 9

Q

What was the background behind the earthquake

Answer

A

Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault
Had been locked for 250 years
Had been gathering stress
seismically active
History of destructive earthquakes
Had not been hit by earthquake of such enormity since 18th century
Closest was 1984 - 6.9 shock

Question 10

Q

When Ttime of day was the Haiti earthquake

Answer

A

• Happened in late afternoon
• Population was spread out in risky areas
- Workplaces
- Homes
- Transportation centres

Question 11

Q

Hiw did the lack of wealth affect the Haiti earthquake

Answer

A

• No building codes
• Poor construction
• Mainly shanty settlements of overcrowded and badly constructed buildings
Live in tin-roofed shacks
Perched on unstable, steep ravines

-Airport facilities couldn’t cope with demand for take-offs/landings
• Reduced effectiveness of loading/unloading operations

Question 12

Q

How did the lack of basic service affect the Haiti earthquake

Answer

A

• Rescue efforts were hampered by:
- Clean water shortages
- Failure of electrical power grid
- Overcrowding in hospitals
- Overloaded morgues - had to bury bodies in mass graves

Question 13

Q

How did previous storms make Haiti more vulnerable

Answer

A

18 months earlier, hit by:
• Two hurricanes
Two severe tropical storms
• Medium-term recovery operations from these were still underway

Question 14

Q

How did the lack of medical infrastructure effect Haiti

Answer

A

Many deaths occurred after the quake
So few doctors, nurses, paramedics to treat injuries

Question 15

Q

How did children become vulnerable to the earthquake

Answer

A

Parents were killed in the guake
Children were vulnerable to hunger
Had no-one to look after them
Many were reportedly abused and taken away for human trafficking
Several orphanages were destroyed

Question 16

Q

What was the short term response to the Haiti earthquake

Answer

A

Rescue teams:
• People:
Dug through rubble
Rescued survivors
Recovered bodies
• Were also sent from Iceland, Cuba, Peru within next 24 hours
• Focus:
Finding/rescuing from rubble
Providing emergency supplies of food/water
Found and rescued about 100 in ruined buildings
By 22nd Jan, rescue phase was ceased
Too unlikely to find more survivors

Question 17

Q

How did the Dominican Republic assist the Haiti earthquake through medium/long term response

Answer

A

Neighbouring Dominican Republic responded first
Sent:
- Food
- Water
- Doctors
- Medical supplies
- Heavy lifting machinery
- Made hospitals/airports available

Overseas shipments emphasised:
- Medical supplies
- Temporary field hospital facilities
- Tents (emergency accommodation)

Question 18

Q

How did NGOs and aid organisation help Haiti

Answer

A

• Relief funds were established to solicit donations
• e.g. Red Cross raised $7 mil USD in one 24-hour period
• Doctors Without Borders
Treated 3,000 injured within
6 days

Question 19

Q

How did Relif funds help Haiti

Answer

A

• Almost $4.5 bil USD was pledged internationally
- To help Haiti recover

Used for infrastructure
- Ports
- Industrial parks
- Roads
- Housing projects
- Used for HIV/AIDS mitigation

Question 20

Q

How did waiving debt help Haiti recover

Answer

A

• Group of 7 countries agreed to waive foreign debt
Over $1 bil USD

Other institutions followed
Inter-American Development Bank
• Forgave $447 mil USD
• In March

World Bank
- Waved $36 mil USD debt
- In May
• Haiti had no realistic way to repay this debt in the aftermath

Question 21

Q

how did earthquake awareness help Haiti recover

Answer

A

Earthquake awareness/monitoring:
- Seismology Technical Unit established by Haiti’s Bureau des
Mines et de l’Energie)

• External assistance is also used
US Geological Service (USGS)
US Agency for International
Development (USAID)
Has active outreach program
Educates local schools and
Haitian officials

• Provides rapid-assessment capability that was previously lacking
• Transmit triggered data from any earthquake that is felt

Question 22

Q

What effects within health and injury did Haiti feel after the earthquake

Answer

A

Widespread damage and casualties

§- Mainly in poorly built residential areas

Affected 3 million people
Haiti Govt: 316k deaths
Death tolls varied
Bodies were disposed of quickly in bulk

-250k more were injured

Question 23

Q

How did the Haiti earthquake cause a loss in infastructure

Answer

A

Loss of infrastructure:
- Destroyed 250k homes and 30k commercial buildings

In Port-au-Prince, education halted
Half of all schools were damaged
Same for all three universities
Damaged air/road transport infrastructure
Hampered recovery operation
Control tower + runway was damaged
Only robust cargo aircraft could land
Seaport was damaged - container crane partially collapsed
Normal cargo operations were impossible
All goods had to come through north port of Gonaives then be transported overland

-Communications infrastructure was badly damaged
Landlines were unusable
Mobile phone networks were damaged
Most relied on radio broadcasts for news - inoperable for a week

Question 24

Q

How did the Haiti earthquake cause a loss of culture

Answer

A

• In Port-au-Prince many noteworthy, historical buildings were damaged
• Presidential Palace
National Assembly Building
UN headquarters
• Museums/art galleries were destroyed
Countless artworks and historical artefacts were lost

Question 25

Q

What effects did the Haiti earthquake do to caused homelessness

Answer

A

• 1 million people were made homeless
• Had to find emergency accommodation
• Donated tents
Shanty settlements
• Many slept in streets
• Scared of aftershocks
• 2 years later - only half of rubble had been cleared away
550k still lacked shelter Lived in tents

6 years later:
Still 62k
Tents deteriorated markedly
Difficult living conditions in temporary camps
No electricity, running water, or sewage disposal
Widespread crimes
Reduced future resilience

Question 26

Q

How did the Haiti earthquake affect residents health

Answer

A

Cholera outbreak:
• Cholera outbreak in Artibonite River
9 months later
• Occurred due to faecal pollution
UN peacekeeping forces from Nepal brought the infection
• Spread southwards into tent housing camps of Port-au-Prince
• Spread widely
6 years later - 770k affected by cholera
9,200 deaths

Question 27

Q

What economic effects did Haiti feel after the earthquake

Answer

A

Damage to infrastructure:
- 30k commercial buildings collapsed
- Led to loss of trade/income
- Damage to airports and ports
- Loss of imports/exports
- Slowed down rescue and response from overseas

Question 28

Q

What environmental impacts did Haiti face after the earthquake

Answer

A

Deforestation:
- Forests were cleared
- Made way for temporary camps
- Provided wood for building materials

Pollution:
• Industrial facilities were damaged and ruptured
• Oil/chemicals leaked into surrounding environment
Small scale pollution occurred

Question 29

Q

What is the google crisis response team

Answer

A

After the 7.0 earthquake that struck Haiti on 12/01/10
Google’s crisis response team joined mobilising recovery efforts from around the world to assist earthquake victims

Question 30

Q

Where is Christchurch

Answer

A

Christchurch is New Zealand’s second largest urban area with a population of 386,000.

Question 31

Q

When was the first Christchurch earthquake

Answer

A

In 2010 with a magnitude of 7.1 in the south of the islands at 4.35am which saw the continue of after shocks into 2012 with the strongest of 6.3 in 2011.

Question 32

Q

How many people did the Christchurch earthquake kill in 2011

Question 33

Q

How many people were killed in the 2011 earthquake in Christchurch

Question 34

Q

Where was the 2010 Christchurch earthquake found

Answer

A

It was 40km west of Christchurch at a depth of 10km

Question 35

Q

hat were the insurance claims for the 2010 earthquake CH

Answer

A

2.75 - 3.5 billion New Zealand dollars
Prívate insurance = 4 billion

Question 36

Q

How is CH vulnerable to earthquakes

Answer

A

Earthquakes capable of causing significant property damage and loss of life can occur in the Christchurch area on average every 55 years.
Around 100 fault lines have been identified in the region, some as close as 20 km from central Christchurch. However, the 2010 quake occurred on a previously unknown fault. The earthquake epicentre was located about 80-90 km south -east of the current surface location of the Australia-Pacific boundary

Question 37

Q

How many aftershocks were felt in Christchurch

Answer

A

By August 2012, over 11,000 aftershocks of magnitude 2.0 or more had been recorded, including 26 over 5.0 magnitude and 2 over 6.0 magnitude.

Question 38

Q

What impacts did CH face in regards to death and why

Answer

A

There was a relative lack of casualties compared with the 2010 Haiti earthquake. The Haiti earthquake also occurred in similar proximity to an urban area, also at shallow depth and of very similar strength. The lack of casualties in New Zealand was partly due to the fact that the earthquake happened in the early hours of a Saturday morning, when most people were asleep, many of them in timber-framed homes.

Question 39

Q

Why were the impacts of the Christchurch earthquakes reduced by the infastructure (compare to Haiti)

Answer

A

Moreover, building standards in New Zealand are high. Following the 1848 Marlborough and 1855 Wairarapa earthquakes, which both seriously affected Wellington, building standards were introduced. These were further strengthened following the 1931 Hawke’s Bay earthquake. In contrast, Haiti had much lower building standards, which were poorly enforced and many buildings were made of hand-made, non-reinforced concrete, which is extremely vulnerable to seismic damage. Ground shaking in populated areas of Canterbury was also generally less strong than for the Haiti earthquake.

Question 40

Q

What damage did the CH earthquake cause

Answer

A

Sewers were damaged and water pipes were broken. The water supply at Rolleston, southwest of Christchurch, was contaminated. Power to up to 75 per cent of the city was disrupted.
Christchurch International Airport was closed following the earthquake and flights in and out of it were cancelled.

Question 41

Q

What were the emeragacy response efforts in CH

Answer

A

Christchurch’s emergency services managed the early stages of the response. Over 40 search and rescue personnel and three sniffer dogs were brought from the North Island to Christchurch on the day of the earthquake

Question 42

Q

When was the 2011 CH earthquake

Answer

A

The February 2011 Christchurch earthquake was a powerful natural event that severely damaged the city, killing 185 people. The 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck the region at 12.51 pm local time on Tuesday 22 February 2011.

Question 43

Q

Where was the 2011 CH earthquake located

Answer

A

earthquake was centred 2 km west of the port town of Lyttleton and 10 km south-east of the centre of Christchurch. The earthquake was probably an aftershock of the September 2010 earthquake.

Question 44

Q

What damage did the 2011 CH eartyhwqauke cause and why was it more significant

Answer

A

The damage was intensified on account of the 2010 earthquake and its aftershocks. Significant liquefaction affected the eastern suburbs, producing around 400,000 tonnes of silt.

Question 45

Q

How many injury’s were caused by the CH 2011 earthquake

Answer

A

People from more than 20 countries were among the victims. Over half of the deaths occurred in the six-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) building, which collapsed and caught fire during the earthquake. Between 6,600 and 6,800 people were treated for minor iniuries

Question 46

Q

What was the total cost of damage caused by the 2011 earthquake

Answer

A

The total cost to insurers of rebuilding was originally estimated at NZD15 billion. However, by April 2013 the total estimated cost had escalated to NZD40 billion. Some economists have estimated it will take the New Zealand economy 50 to 100 years to completely recover.

Question 47

Q

Why was the 2011 CH earthquake more damaging

Answer

A

Although smaller in magnitude than the 2010 quake, the earthquake was more damaging and deadly for a number of reasons.
• The epicentre was closer to Christchurch.
• The earthquake was shallower at 5 km
underground, whereas the September 2010 quake was measured at 10 km deep.
• The February 2011 earthquake occurred at lunchtime on a weekday when the central business district (CBD) was busy.
• Many buildings had already been weakened by previous earthquakes.
• Liquefaction was significantly greater than during the 2010 earthquake, causing the upwelling of more than 400,000 tonnes of silt. The increased liquefaction caused significant ground movement, undermining many foundations and destroying infrastructure.

Question 48

Q

What damage did the 2011 earthquake cause specifically to sewerage systems and roads

Answer

A

Up to 80 per cent of the water and sewerage system was severely damaged. Road and bridge damage occurred and hampered rescue efforts.
Soil liquefaction and surface flooding also occurred. Around 10,000 houses would need to be demolished, and liquefaction damage meant that some parts of Christchurch could not be rebuilt on. Nevertheless, in Christchurch, New Zealand’s stringent building codes limited the disaster.

Question 49

Q

How did infastructure and support benefit the people in Christchurch after the 2011 earthquake

Answer

A

At 5 pm local time on the day of the earthquake, 80 per cent of the city had no power. However, power was restored to over 80 per cent of households within five days, and to 95 per cent within two weeks. Waste-water and sewerage systems had been so severely damaged that households had to establish emergency latrines.
Over 2,000 portaloos and 5,000 chemical toilets from throughout New Zealand and overseas were brought in, with 20,000 more chemical toilets placed on order from the manufacturers.

Question 50

Q

How efficiently did Christchurch manage recover after the earthquake through emergency management

Answer

A

A full emergency management programme was in place within two hours. The government response was immediate and significant and a National Emergency was declared. The New Zealand Fire Service coordinated search and rescue. Rescue efforts continued for over a week, then shifted to recovery mode.

Question 51

Q

Where is Montserrat and why is it vulnerable to volcanos

Answer

A

Montserrat is a small island in the Caribbean, and it has been affected by a volcano since 1995.
The cause of the volcano is the plunging of the South American Plate and North American Plate under the Caribbean Plate. Rocks at the edge of the plate melt and the rising magma forms volcanic islands.

Question 52

Q

When was the soufriere hilos eruption in Montserrat

Answer

A

In July 1995 after being dormant for 400 years

Question 53

Q

What were the signs of the Montserrat eruption

Answer

A

At first the Soufrière Hills gave off clouds of ash and steam.

Question 54

Q

When did the Montserrat volcano finally erupt and what damage did it cause

Answer

A

Then in 1996 the volcano finally erupted. It caused mudflows and finally it emitted lava flows.
Part of the dome collapsed, boiling rocks and ash were thrown out and a new dome was created.
Ash, steam and rocks were hurled out, forcing all of the inhabitants to leave the south, the main agricultural part of the island. The largest settlement, Plymouth, with a population of just 4,000, was covered in ash and abandoned

Question 55

Q

What hazards did the Montserrat volcano pose

Answer

A

The hazard posed by the volcano was just one aspect of the risk experienced on Montserrat. For the displaced people there were other hazards.
For example, up to 50 people had to share a toilet. Sewage tanks in the temporary shelters were often not emptied for weeks on end. The risk of contamination in water and the spread of diseases such as cholera is greatly increased when large numbers of people live in overcrowded, unhygienic conditions.

Question 56

Q

What migration did the Montserrat volcano cause and where did they go

Answer

A

The southern third of the island had to be evacuated (Figure D.19). All public services (government, health and education) had to be moved to the north of the island. Montserrat’s population fell from 11,000 to 4,500. Most fled to nearby Antigua. Some “refugees” stayed on in Montserrat living in tents.

Question 57

Q

How has the north of Montserrat been redeveloped after the eruption

Answer

A

The northern part of the island has been redeveloped with new homes, hospitals, crèches, upgraded roads, football pitches and expansion of the island’s port. The population has risen again to over 5,000.

Question 58

Q

Is there still a risk of eruption in Montserrat

Answer

A

The risk of eruptions continues - scientists do not know when the current activity will cease. For now, Montserratians are learning to live with the volcano.

Question 59

Q

What after hazards did the Montserrat volcano cause

Answer

A

The Soufrière dome collapsed causing a tsunami that affected some coastal areas of Guadeloupe and English Harbour and Jolly Harbour in Antigua. The Guadeloupe tsunami was 1 m high whereas the one in Antigua was 20-30 cm. No one was injured in the tsunami but flights were cancelled between Venezuela and Miami, and to and from Aruba due to the large amount of ash in the atmosphere.

Question 60

Q

What were the short term responses of the Montserrat volcano eruption

Answer

A

Rescue teams:
• House-to-house searches in areas affected by ash surges
Around 17 people reported unaccounted for

Helicopter services were provided by:
Royal Dutch Navy
• French authorities
• 12 inhabitants were air-lifted from affected communities
Moved to high ground to await assistance

Question 61

Q

What were 2 medium term response to the Montserrat volcano

Answer

A

Redevelopment:
• Northern part of island has been redeveloped
New homes
New hospitals
New football pitches
Upgraded roads
Expansion of port
Opened new airport
Constructing new capital town
• Population rose back to over 5,000

Migration:
1998 - people of Montserrat granted full residency rights in UK In recognition of the disaster Allowed them to migrate if they chose Granted them British citizenship in 2002

Question 62

Q

What were the aid effort within the Montserrat volcano

Answer

A

Aid effort:
• Led by UK and Montserrat governments
• Included $41 million package

Question 63

Q

What are 2 positive outcomes from the montserrat eruption

Answer

A

Sand mining:
Began in 2010 in exclusion zone
Sand from volcano is exported

Geothermal energy:
• Two wells have been drilled since 2013
Cost $8.5mil
Paid for by UK Department of International Development
• Aim to use 100% renewable energy by 2020

Question 64

Q

What sanitation issues did the Montserrat volcano cause

Answer

A

1,600 lived in basic temporary public shelters by 1997
Up to 50 people shared a toilet
Sewage tanks were often unemptied for weeks
Overpopulation in overcrowded and unhygienic condition
Increased risk of water contamination
Increased spread of diseases like cholera

Answer 63

A

April 14th 2010

Answer 64

A

Nordic island country
In the North Atlantic
In NE Europe
Population: 350k
Poverty rate: 9%
Doctors per 1000: 4.0

Answer 65

A

Found on divergent plate boundary
North American and Eurasian Plate
Form the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
IDNAE (Iceland Divergent North American Eurasian)
Eyjafjallajökull
In southern Iceland
Composite volcano

Answer 66

A

Tectonic divergence of Mid-Atlantic Ridge creates magma chamber under mountain
Magma rises from below and pushes plates apart
Energy comes from hotspot directly below
Movement of crust develops cracks/faults/fissures
Pressure builds up until it is forced out vent towards surface
Thick andesite lava builds up at top of volcano in dome
It eventually becomes too heavy and collapses

Answer 67

A

December 2009
Increased seismic activity recorded

April 14, 2010
• Explosive eruption
Created tephra ash cloud
Ice melted and collapsed into volcano
Superheated steam caused massive explosions that shot ash into the atmosphere
• Melted ice chills lava quickly and fragments it into glass
• Created small glass particles carried into eruption plume
• Caused glass-rich plume in upper atmosphere - very hazardous to aircraft

April 14-20, 2010
• Ash from volcanic eruption covered
Northern Europe
Concerns it would damage aircraft engines
Led to closure of most of European IF airspace
IF - instrument flight rules
~20 countries closed airspace to commercial jet traffic
o e.g. Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal Affected 10 mil travellers
Highest level of air travel disruption since
WW2

April 20, 2010
Stopped producing large ash plume
Built-up supply of ice was exhausted
• Removed the explosive force of tonnes of ice falling into molten magma chamber

Answer 68

A

Phone alert:
• Automated phone alert system
Issued evacuation orders

Sweeper system:
• Local volunteers went house to house in neighbourhoods
• Ensured that everyone had:
Received warnings
Were in process of evacuating to designated centres

Icelandic Red Cross:
• Activated a prepared emergency response plan
Opened shelters and registration points
Received those evacuated from danger zone
Provided accommodation/food/psychosocial support

Answer 69

A

After increased seismicity was observed, there were meetings between:
• Regional Chief of Police
Department of Civil Protection and
Emergency Management (DCPEM)
Scientists
• Local police
Held community meetings with residents in expected hazard zone
Finalised evacuation plans based on 2005 hazard assessment

Answer 70

A

Civil Protection Department of Icelandic Police
• Produced regular reports about access to the area
• Including map of restricted area
Public entry was forbidden
• Were deployed to:
Control access to/from vulnerable communities
Keep people away from floodplains (could be inundated with meltwater)

Iceland association for search and rescue
- teams were stationed at eruption site
- part of standard safety measure
- help to assist in enforcing access restrictions

EU ministers
- accelerate integration of national air traffic control system
- create a crisicontroll group to handl future travel disruption

Answer 71

A

Tourism:
Local tour companies began to offer day trips to see volcano

Transport industry:
Waylaid travellers searched for alternative modes of transport
Boosted the business of ferry/railway/car-hire firms

Overseas fisheries:
• Difficult to provide fresh fish from northern
European states for international markets
Benefitted NZ fisheries economy

Answer 72

A

Evacuations:
800 people were evacuated
In fear of glacial floods could decimate towns

Answer 73

A

Death/injuries:
- No human fatalities were reported
- High irritation symptoms in those living near volcano
- Developed more respiratory symptoms over time

Answer 74

A

• Around 107k flights were cancelled - 48% of total air traffic
• Left 5 million travellers stranded around world due to airspace closure
• Volcanic ash is major hazard to air travel
Smoke/ash reduces visibility for navigation
Microscopic debris in ash sandblasts windscreens and melt in aircraft turbine engines - damages and shuts down
• Many flights concerning Europe were cancelled

Answer 75

A

Agriculture:
• High fluoride volcanic ash contaminated water sources Can have deadly renal/hepatic effects

Farmers warned not to let livestock drink from these

Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority warned to shelter horses indoors to avoid significant ash fall

Thick ash layers fell on pastures/farms and became wet/compact

Made it difficult to
farm/harvest/graze livestock

Answer 76

A

European economies:
• Badly affected sectors dependent on airfreighted imports/exports
• Reported shortages of imported flowers/fruit/electronic hardware
• Pharmaceuticals industry was impacted by spoilage concerns
UK-manufactured stock was time-sensitive

Expired before they could be shipped to overseas companies
• Travel firms lost money as travellers could not return home

In UK alone, 13 travel firms collapsed in summer of 2010
• Logistics companies (e.g. FedEx, DHL
Express) were forced to transport packages to alternate destinations and then ship by road

Answer 77

A

Foreign economies:

African flower/vegetable export industries lost money

Unable to airship into UK

e.g. Kenya’s economy lost $3.8mil per day of the disruption
Harvesting of flowers/vegetables was stopped due to flight groundings
Thousands of farm workers were temporarily laid off

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

D.3 - Hazard And Vulnerability Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM