6.1 food and health - measuring food and health

Question 1

explain what the global food security index is?

Answer 1

the global food security index considers the affordability, availability, and quality of food across 113 countries. the indicator is based of 28 indicators that measure food security in high, low and middle income countries. the index looks beyond hunger to study the underlying factors affecting security.

Question 2

name 6 components of affordability in food security

Answer 2

• food consumption as a share of household expenditure
  -proportion of population under the global poverty line
• gross domestic product per person (ppp)
• algaculture import tariffs
• presence of food safety net programs
• access to financing for farmers

Question 3

name 8 components of availability in food security

Answer 3

• sufficiency of supply
• public expenditure on agricultural research and development
• agricultural infrastructure
• volatility of agricultural production
• political stability risk
• corruption
• urban absorption capacity
• food loss

Question 4

name 4 components of quality and safety of food in food security

Answer 4

• diet diversification
• micronutrient availability
• protein quality
• food safety

Question 5

what happened to food security in 2015?
CASE STUDY

Answer 5

it improved in almost every country in the world. high income countries still dominating but low and middle income countries made the biggest gain.

Question 6

in 2015 regarding food security in which countries did we see the biggest improvements?
CASE STUDY

Answer 6

the middle eastern and north Africa (MENA) made the largest stride in food security. Europe is the only region where it worsened as score of 85% of countries fell. diet diversification and access to high quality protein are increasing in low income countries.

Question 7

list 5 factors which can improve a countries food security

Answer 7

• investing in agricultural research and development
• strengthening socio economic systems
• improving access to land and technology
• creating equitable economic policies
• reducing trade barriers and increasing access to international markets

Question 8

explain what the global hunger index is

Answer 8

The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is an annual report that measures and tracks global hunger levels. The GHI is calculated using the data from four key indicators: undernourishment, child stunting, child wasting, and child mortality. The GHI uses a 100 point scale to rank countries and assess their progress towards reducing hunger and malnutrition. The index is based on the available data for each country and helps to identify which countries are more vulnerable to food insecurity andmalnutrition.

Question 9

name the four component indicators of the GHI

Answer 9

undernourishment
child wasting
child stunting
child mortality

Question 10

explain inadequate food supply in terms of GHI

Answer 10

Inadequate food supply is one of the factors contributing to global hunger, as measured by the Global Hunger Index (GHI). The GHI considers both the availability and quality of food as key indicators of food insecurity. A lack of food availability can be due to insufficient production or distribution, while inadequate food quality can be affected by poverty, malnutrition, and other factors. The GHI measures how countries are performing on these indicators in order to determine their overall levelofhunger. its indicated through undernourishment

Question 11

explain child undernutrition in terms of GHI

Answer 11

Child undernutrition is one of the key indicators used in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) to measure and track global hunger levels. The GHI considers both the prevalence of stunting, which is an indicator of chronic malnutrition, and the prevalence of wasting, which is an indicator of acute malnutrition. Both of these indicators provide important information about the nutrition status of children and can be used to assess the level of food insecurity in a countryorregion.

Question 12

where is the highest GHI found

Answer 12

Africa south of the sahara with a GHI of 32.2

Question 13

explain calorie intake

Answer 13

the amount of energy that is consumed by an individual or population. This is usually measured in terms of calories per capita and can be used to compare levels of food insecurity between countries. Calorie intake can be affected by a number of factors including access to food, quality of food, and availability of nutrients in the diet. It can also be affected by socio-economic factors, such as poverty and incomeinequality.

Question 14

what is the world average calorie intake

Answer 14

2,780 kcal/person/day

Question 15

what factors vary someone’s calorie intake

Answer 15

access to food, quality of food, availability of nutrients in the diet, socio-economic factors, such as poverty and income inequality, and climate change. Additionally, the type of food available and dietary preferences can also play a role in determining the average calorie intake in a particulararea.

Question 16

what is the average calorie intake of someone in a low income country compared to a high income country

Answer 16

2,600 calories per day in low income, and 3,400 calories in a high income country

Question 17

what are the 7 indicators of malnutrition

Answer 17

• deficiency diseases such as pellagra results from lack of vitamins or minerals
• kwashiorkor is a lack of protein in the diet
• marasmus is a lack of calories/energy
• obesity
• starvation
• temporary hunger (short term decline in food availability)
• famine (long term decline in the availability of food)

Question 18

explain what stunted growth is

Answer 18

Stunted growth is a condition that is caused by chronic malnutrition and is characterized by slow physical development. It is most often seen in children who are not receiving adequate nutrition, which can be due to poverty, food insecurity, or a lack of access to nutritious food. Stunted growth can lead to serious health complications and can even result in death ifleftuntreated.

Question 19

where are the highest rates of stunted growth found

Answer 19

over 50% of stunting cases are found in timor-leste, brundi and eritrea

Question 20

explain what wasting is

Answer 20

Wasting is a condition that is caused by acute malnutrition and is characterized by rapid weight loss. It is most often seen in children who are not receiving adequate nutrition, which can be due to poverty, food insecurity, or a lack of access to nutritious food. Wasting can lead to serious health complications and can even result in death ifleftuntreated.

Question 21

where are the highest rates of wasting found and the lowest rates

Answer 21

over 20% of wasting is found in south sudan, djibouti, and sirlanka. the lowest rates are found in high income coutries

Question 22

where is the highest percentage of undernourished people found

Answer 22

Haiti has the highest proportion with over 50% of its population suffering. then zambi and north Korea experienced 40% of there population

Question 23

which countries have the lowest percentage of undernourished people

Answer 23

generally countries in Europe, south America and the middle east.

Question 24

which countries have the lowest percentage of undernourished people

Answer 24

generally countries in Europe, south America and the middle east.

Question 25

which countries have the lowest percentage of undernourished people

Answer 25

generally countries in Europe, south America and the middle east.

Question 26

what happens to a LICs nutrition when there income increases

Answer 26

as a LICs income increases there is a change and increase in food consumption patterns. Generally people living in these countries rely on energy from carbohydrates, while the contribution of fats is small and meat and dairy is negligible.

Question 27

What is the percentage of carbohydrates and fats consumed in Bangladesh compared to that of a HIC

Answer 27

they have one of the lowest GDPs. people derive 80% of their nutritional energy from carbohydrates and 11% from fats. in a HIC 45-50% from carbohydrates and 40% from fats

Question 28

what factor influences the transition of a country within the nutrition transition model

Answer 28

As a country experiences a small economic growth especially within a LIC, it leads to a large increase in calorie intake. The transition diet is manly caused by higher income per capita.

Question 29

what are the main dietary changes in HICs since 1970

Answer 29

there has been a reduction in cereals, while mainly vegetable oil and, to a smaller extent, meat intake have increased.

Question 30

how has the LIC diet changed since 1970

Answer 30

the consumption of cereals, including rice as well as vegetable oil, sugar, meat and dairy intake is stagnating and even declining

Question 31

what is HALE

Answer 31

health adjusted life expectancy is an indicator of the populations overall health. it combines measures of both age and sex specific data, and age and sex specific mortality data, into a single stat. it indicates the number of expected years of life equivalent t years lived in full health.

Question 32

how do you calculate HALE

Answer 32

To calculate HALE, one must first determine their expected life span based on age, gender, and other factors. Then, this lifespan is adjusted according to the person’s health profile, taking into account any health issues or risk factors. Finally, HALE is calculated by dividing the adjusted life expectancy by the total lifeexpectancy.

Question 33

what factor is connected with HALE in Canada

Answer 33

low socio economic status is associated with loss on health adjusted life expectancy. in 2001 Canadian women and men in the top one third income group had a health adjusted life expectancy of 73.3.

Question 34

what general factors contribute to low HALE

Answer 34

There are a number of factors that can contribute to low HALE in a country, such as poor access to healthcare, inadequate nutrition, lack of sanitation, and environmental contamination. Additionally, high rates of poverty, crime, and violence can also contribute to low HALE. Other factors that can cause a country to have a lower HALE include high levels of unemployment, the prevalence of diseases and illnesses, and politicalinstability.

Question 35

how did chronic illness impact hale in Canada

Answer 35

the diabetes cohort at age 55 had a loss in health adjusted life expectancy of 5.8 years for women and 5.3 years for men. the cancer cohort at age 65 had a loss in HALE of 10.3 years for women and 9.2 years for men

Question 36

define child mortality rate

Answer 36

The child mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under the age of five per 1000 live births. It is an important indicator of a country’s overall health status, as it reflects how well the country is able to provide healthcare and nutrition to its youngestcitizens.

Question 37

how to calculate child and infant mortality rate

Answer 37

the number of deaths in children under the age of 5 years/the number of children under the age of 5 x 1000%

Question 38

where are extremely high rates of child mortality found

Answer 38

they are found in Angola, sierra Leone, chad and Somalia. all countries with over 10.1% child mortality rates in sub Sahara Africa. the lowest child mortality rates are found in Europe with 0-1%.

Question 39

define infant mortality rate

Answer 39

the infant mortality rate is the number of deaths in children under the age of 1 per 1000 births

Question 40

how do you calculate infant mortality rate

Answer 40

total number of dealths of children/total number of live births x1000

Question 41

explain the rates of infant mortality rates in different countries

Answer 41

low - 2 per 1000 in Monaco
highest - subsahra africa (HDI of 96 per thousand)

Question 42

explain the correlation between infant mortality rates and the human development index

Answer 42

There is a strong correlation between infant mortality rates and the Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI measures a country’s level of economic, social and health development, and infant mortality is one of the indicators used to determine this score. In general, countries with high HDI scores tend to have lower infant mortality rates due to better access to healthcare and better nutrition. Conversely, countries with lower HDI scores tend to have higher infant mortality rates due to inadequate healthcare andpoornutrition.

Question 43

explain the maternal mortality rates

Answer 43

Maternal mortality rates refer to the number of women who die while pregnant or within 42 days of the end of their pregnancy. These deaths are usually caused by complications during childbirth, such as infections, haemorrhaging, and preeclampsia. The maternal mortality rate is an important indicator of a country’s healthcare system and its ability to provide adequate care to pregnant women. High maternal mortality rates can have a significant impact on a country’s overall health anddevelopment.

Question 44

state the regions with the highest and lowest maternal mortality rates

Answer 44

highest - south Sudan with 2,050 dealths per 100,00
lowest - Europe, australia, greece with <3 per 100,000 births

Question 45

what are the millennium development goals

Answer 45

the goal of reducing maternal mortality by 3/4 by 2015

Question 46

how is lack of sanitation impacting Saharan Africa

Answer 46

due to the combination of population growth and slow progress, the number of people in sub Sahara Africa without access to sanitation has increased since 1990. there is 80% of the urban population with access to sanitation and 51% of rural areas

Question 47

how is access to health services measured

Answer 47

the number of people per doctor per hospital

Question 48

what is the epidemiological transition model

Answer 48

The epidemiological transition model is a concept that describes how countries experience changing patterns of mortality and morbidity as they develop. It proposes that as countries become more developed, they experience a shift from high mortality rates due to infectious diseases to lower mortality rates due to chronic diseases. This shift is thought to be driven by changes in lifestyle, diet, and accesstohealthcare.

Question 49

what is the global burden of disease 2013 tell us about life expectancy and death rates

Answer 49

the study looked at 240 disease types for 72 countries. they found that for life expectancy both sexes increased from 65.3 years in 1990 to 71.5 years in 2013, while the number of deaths increas3ed from 47 million to 54 million.

Question 50

what did the global burden of disease tell us about the impact of diseases

Answer 50

death rates for cardiovascular disease and cancer decreased in high income areas and there was a reduction in child deaths from diarrhoea. HIV/AIDS reduced life expectancy in low income countries. for most communicable disease rates fell as non communicable disease rates increased

Question 51

describe USAs change in terms of premature deaths

Answer 51

ischaemic heart disease, lung cancer and Alzheimer’s disease were the highest ranking. the highest risk factors were poor diet, high body mass index and tabaco smoke. the greatest reduction in mortality rate from all causes was male age 5-9. and in contrast women age 70+ saw increased mortality rates

Question 52

describe the main causes of premature death in china

Answer 52

the main cause was cardiovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease and road injury’s. poor diet, high blood pressure and pollution were leading risk factors in 2013.

Question 53

whats the impact of an ageing population on the global disease burden

Answer 53

An ageing population can have a significant impact on the global disease burden. As populations age, the prevalence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer increases, leading to higher mortality and morbidity rates. Additionally, the cost of treating and managing these diseases is a growing concern for many countries, and this can put a strain on healthcare systems and budgets. Therefore, it is important to ensure that healthcare systems are adequately prepared to meet the needs of an ageingpopulation.