E2-MicroBio!! Flashcards by Austin Shackelford

What are the FOUR MAJOR organisms that cause human disease?

1.Bacteria 2.Viruses 3.Fungi 4.Parasites

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What is the difference between yeasts and mold?

Yeasts grow inside of YOU. Molds grow out in the environment

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What is the unique cell wall of the prokaryotic cell?

Peptidoglyacan. Amino Acid and Sugar (NAG and NAM y0!)

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What is the unique substance of the eukaryotic cell membrane that only Mycoplasma (the only prokaryote) has?

Sterol

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Which organisms are MOTILE?

Protozoa and Bacteria

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Which organisms are NON Motile?

Virus and Fungi

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Do prokaryotic cells have MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLS like mitochondria? (IF YOU GET THIS WRONG…)

NO, prokaryotes do not have mitochondria or other membrane bound organelles!

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What are the three shapes of bacterial cells?

Cocci 2. Bacilli 3.SPI-RO-CHE-TES

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What is it called when a bacteria can be variable in shape?

Pleo-morphic (ex:G- Cholera)

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What are the 3 possible arrangements of bacteria (beyond their shape)? What are the technical names?

Pairs=Diplo, Chains=Strepto, Clusters=Staphylo

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What is the smallest bacteria and the largest virus? (about the same size)

Smallest Bacteria=Mycoplasma, Largest Virus=Poxvirus

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What shape of bacteria can be the size of Candida and a human RBC?

a Bacillus

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What are the 4 steps to a Gram stain? (BRINGING BACK GOOD MEMORIES!!)

After heat fixing….1.Crystal VIOLET stain 2. IODINE (binds to crystal violet) (G+ will bind to this) 3. Alcohol/Acetone (extracts violet-iodine from thin G- cell walls) 4. SAF-RAN-IN (gives the G- a pink/orange coloration)

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What is the general structure of a bacterial cell wall/capsule going from cytoplasm out? (disregard G+ and G- differences..)

Cytoplasm–>Cell Membrane–>Cell Wall (inner=Peptidoglycan, outer=capsule)

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Which Gram has the THICK peptidoglycan wall?

Gram +

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What is the unique acid on the surface of a Gram + bacterium?

Teichoic Acid (TY-KO-IK)

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What is the “space”in Gram - cell walls? What are the enzymes found here that degrade our precious beta-lactam drugs?

Periplasmic Space…hard name, ready?: Beta-Lactamase is found there

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Where is the LPS located in the Gram - cell wall?

the outer membrane (periplasmic space–>peptidoglycan–>OUTERMEMBRANE (w/LPS)–>capsule)

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What are the three components of LPS?

Carb Chain 2. Core PolySacc 3.Lipid A-Endotoxin

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What is the bacterium with an odd cell wall that doesn’t gram stain? What is their nickname?

Mycobacteria–“acid fast” bacteria (TB, Leprosy)

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What are mycobacteria stained with?

Carbol-fuch-sin

What is the outermost structure on a bacterium? What is it made of that can cause variability?

The capsule! Sugars..

What are the two stains that can for looking at capsules?

India Ink Stain 2. Quelling Rxn

What are the structures used for chemotaxis? Do all bacteria have them?

Flagella…nope, some have a ton, some have none

What is the type of flagella that is hair-like? NOT TO BE CONFUSED with Pili/Fimbriae..

Peri-tri-chous flagella

How is flagella related to UTIs?

E.Coli and P. Mirabilis use flagella to move up the urethra

What type of flagella helps spirochetes move?

an Axial Filament

What are the hair-like filaments that extend from the cell wall surface that are shorter then flagella and are mostly on gram - organisms? Whats their main fxn? Ex?

Pili/Fimbriae...Adhesion via adhesins. Ex Gonorrhea, E.Coli, and Purtussis

If someone calls you a glycocalyx, what are they calling you? How does glycocalyx relate to teeth?

A Slime Layer!..Glycocalyx is used by S. Mutans to adhere to surface of teeth.. BASTARDS!

What are the highly resistant special structure formed in times of stress? What are the only two species that form them?

Endospores...Clostridium (tetnae) and Bacillus (antracis)

What is the mediator for endospores?

Di- Pi-Co-Lin-Ic Acid

What is the toxin released by all Gram + bacteria, and Some gram -? What is the G+ exception?

Exotoxin...Listeria is the G+ exception that produces endotoxin instead

What are the famous gut bugs that are G- but secrete exotoxin?

E. Coli and Cholera

What do all of these have in common? Antrax+, Botulism+, Tenaus+, Cholera-?

Exotoxin!

What EXOtoxin acts on the nervous system causing paralysis? Examples?

Neurotoxin...Tetnaus and Botulism

What EXOtoxin causes diarrhea by preventing salt uptake? What are the TWO diseases causef by this EXOtoxin?

ENTEROtoxin...infectious diarrhea and food poisoning DO NOT CONFUSE WITH ENDOTOXIN!

What toxin is ONLY seen in G- and is the Lipid A component of LPS?

ENDOtoxin

What is the main difference between endotoxin and exotoxin?

Exotoxin=excreted vs endotoxin=a part of cell wall (can "shed" though)

What do these have in common? CNS, blood, lower bronchi/alveolus, liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder..

Sterile of bacteria!

Exam Q: What is the PREDOMINANT organism of the skin? WHERE does it like to wreak havoc if it gets into the body??

Staphylococcus Epidermis! ARTIFICIAL HEART VALVES.. Yikes!

Which level of the epidermis do most of the organisms hang out? (Corynbacterium, Strept, Pesudomonas..)

Stratum Corneum

What is the most significant organism of the NOSE?

Staphylococcus Aureus!

BIG Q: What is the major player in the mouth/throat? What is a member of the Viridans group that is a big player in DENTAL plaque!?

Viridans Strept...Streptococcus MUTANS in dental plaque

Where do Viridans Strept like to go and cause if entered into the body??

Subacute Bacterial ENDOCARDITIS. They invade the HEART valves!

BIG Q: What is the bacteria associated with human bites/clenched-fist injuries?

Eiken-ella Corrodens

What is the leading cause of UTIs?

E.Coli

What is the bacteria associated with perforation of the intestinal wall?

B. Fragilis

What bacteria is present in 10% of normal stools?

P. Aer-ug-in-o-sa

What species keeps the pH of the vagina low? Which yeast pops up when you give a female antibiotics and her vaginal bacteria are suppressed?

Lacto-Bacillus..yeast cadida

Which bacteria can cause sepsis/meningitis of a newborn through the birth canal?

Group B Strep

What unique bacteria occur in the uncircumcised male?

Mycobacertium Smegmatis