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Immunology > E2-MicroBio!! > Flashcards

E2-MicroBio!! Flashcards

1
Q

What are the FOUR MAJOR organisms that cause human disease?

A

1.Bacteria 2.Viruses 3.Fungi 4.Parasites

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2
Q

What is the difference between yeasts and mold?

A

Yeasts grow inside of YOU. Molds grow out in the environment

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3
Q

What is the unique cell wall of the prokaryotic cell?

A

Peptidoglyacan. Amino Acid and Sugar (NAG and NAM y0!)

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4
Q

What is the unique substance of the eukaryotic cell membrane that only Mycoplasma (the only prokaryote) has?

A

Sterol

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5
Q

Which organisms are MOTILE?

A

Protozoa and Bacteria

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6
Q

Which organisms are NON Motile?

A

Virus and Fungi

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7
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLS like mitochondria? (IF YOU GET THIS WRONG…)

A

NO, prokaryotes do not have mitochondria or other membrane bound organelles!

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8
Q

What are the three shapes of bacterial cells?

A
  1. Cocci 2. Bacilli 3.SPI-RO-CHE-TES
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9
Q

What is it called when a bacteria can be variable in shape?

A

Pleo-morphic (ex:G- Cholera)

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10
Q

What are the 3 possible arrangements of bacteria (beyond their shape)? What are the technical names?

A

Pairs=Diplo, Chains=Strepto, Clusters=Staphylo

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11
Q

What is the smallest bacteria and the largest virus? (about the same size)

A

Smallest Bacteria=Mycoplasma, Largest Virus=Poxvirus

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12
Q

What shape of bacteria can be the size of Candida and a human RBC?

A

a Bacillus

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13
Q

What are the 4 steps to a Gram stain? (BRINGING BACK GOOD MEMORIES!!)

A

After heat fixing….1.Crystal VIOLET stain 2. IODINE (binds to crystal violet) (G+ will bind to this) 3. Alcohol/Acetone (extracts violet-iodine from thin G- cell walls) 4. SAF-RAN-IN (gives the G- a pink/orange coloration)

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14
Q

What is the general structure of a bacterial cell wall/capsule going from cytoplasm out? (disregard G+ and G- differences..)

A

Cytoplasm–>Cell Membrane–>Cell Wall (inner=Peptidoglycan, outer=capsule)

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15
Q

Which Gram has the THICK peptidoglycan wall?

A

Gram +

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16
Q

What is the unique acid on the surface of a Gram + bacterium?

A

Teichoic Acid (TY-KO-IK)

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17
Q

What is the “space”in Gram - cell walls? What are the enzymes found here that degrade our precious beta-lactam drugs?

A

Periplasmic Space…hard name, ready?: Beta-Lactamase is found there

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18
Q

Where is the LPS located in the Gram - cell wall?

A

the outer membrane (periplasmic space–>peptidoglycan–>OUTERMEMBRANE (w/LPS)–>capsule)

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19
Q

What are the three components of LPS?

A
  1. Carb Chain 2. Core PolySacc 3.Lipid A-Endotoxin
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20
Q

What is the bacterium with an odd cell wall that doesn’t gram stain? What is their nickname?

A

Mycobacteria–“acid fast” bacteria (TB, Leprosy)

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21
Q

What are mycobacteria stained with?

A

Carbol-fuch-sin

22
Q

What is the outermost structure on a bacterium? What is it made of that can cause variability?

A

The capsule! Sugars..

23
Q

What are the two stains that can for looking at capsules?

A
  1. India Ink Stain 2. Quelling Rxn
24
Q

What are the structures used for chemotaxis? Do all bacteria have them?

A

Flagella…nope, some have a ton, some have none

25
Q

What is the type of flagella that is hair-like? NOT TO BE CONFUSED with Pili/Fimbriae..

A

Peri-tri-chous flagella

26
Q

How is flagella related to UTIs?

A

E.Coli and P. Mirabilis use flagella to move up the urethra

27
Q

What type of flagella helps spirochetes move?

A

an Axial Filament

28
Q

What are the hair-like filaments that extend from the cell wall surface that are shorter then flagella and are mostly on gram - organisms? Whats their main fxn? Ex?

A

Pili/Fimbriae…Adhesion via adhesins. Ex Gonorrhea, E.Coli, and Purtussis

29
Q

If someone calls you a glycocalyx, what are they calling you? How does glycocalyx relate to teeth?

A

A Slime Layer!..Glycocalyx is used by S. Mutans to adhere to surface of teeth.. BASTARDS!

30
Q

What are the highly resistant special structure formed in times of stress? What are the only two species that form them?

A

Endospores…Clostridium (tetnae) and Bacillus (antracis)

31
Q

What is the mediator for endospores?

A

Di- Pi-Co-Lin-Ic Acid

32
Q

What is the toxin released by all Gram + bacteria, and Some gram -? What is the G+ exception?

A

Exotoxin…Listeria is the G+ exception that produces endotoxin instead

33
Q

What are the famous gut bugs that are G- but secrete exotoxin?

A

E. Coli and Cholera

34
Q

What do all of these have in common? Antrax+, Botulism+, Tenaus+, Cholera-?

A

Exotoxin!

35
Q

What EXOtoxin acts on the nervous system causing paralysis? Examples?

A

Neurotoxin…Tetnaus and Botulism

36
Q

What EXOtoxin causes diarrhea by preventing salt uptake? What are the TWO diseases causef by this EXOtoxin?

A

ENTEROtoxin…infectious diarrhea and food poisoning DO NOT CONFUSE WITH ENDOTOXIN!

37
Q

What toxin is ONLY seen in G- and is the Lipid A component of LPS?

A

ENDOtoxin

38
Q

What is the main difference between endotoxin and exotoxin?

A

Exotoxin=excreted vs endotoxin=a part of cell wall (can “shed” though)

39
Q

What do these have in common? CNS, blood, lower bronchi/alveolus, liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder..

A

Sterile of bacteria!

40
Q

Exam Q: What is the PREDOMINANT organism of the skin? WHERE does it like to wreak havoc if it gets into the body??

A

Staphylococcus Epidermis! ARTIFICIAL HEART VALVES.. Yikes!

41
Q

Which level of the epidermis do most of the organisms hang out? (Corynbacterium, Strept, Pesudomonas..)

A

Stratum Corneum

42
Q

What is the most significant organism of the NOSE?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus!

43
Q

BIG Q: What is the major player in the mouth/throat? What is a member of the Viridans group that is a big player in DENTAL plaque!?

A

Viridans Strept…Streptococcus MUTANS in dental plaque

44
Q

Where do Viridans Strept like to go and cause if entered into the body??

A

Subacute Bacterial ENDOCARDITIS. They invade the HEART valves!

45
Q

BIG Q: What is the bacteria associated with human bites/clenched-fist injuries?

A

Eiken-ella Corrodens

46
Q

What is the leading cause of UTIs?

A

E.Coli

47
Q

What is the bacteria associated with perforation of the intestinal wall?

A

B. Fragilis

48
Q

What bacteria is present in 10% of normal stools?

A

P. Aer-ug-in-o-sa

49
Q

What species keeps the pH of the vagina low? Which yeast pops up when you give a female antibiotics and her vaginal bacteria are suppressed?

A

Lacto-Bacillus..yeast cadida

50
Q

Which bacteria can cause sepsis/meningitis of a newborn through the birth canal?

A

Group B Strep

51
Q

What unique bacteria occur in the uncircumcised male?

A

Mycobacertium Smegmatis

Immunology (10 decks)

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