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Immunology > E1-Histology of Blood > Flashcards

E1-Histology of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood SERUM?

A

serum = plasma - clotting factors

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2
Q

What do you use to prevent blood clotting?

A

Hep-ar-in

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3
Q

How much of the blood is cellular? How much is plasma?

A

45% cellular….55% plasma

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4
Q

What is another name for the cellular portion of the blood?

A

Hematocrit

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5
Q

What % of the hematocrit are the RBCs? WBCs? What is the nickname for the WBCs sitting atop the RBCs post centrifuge?

A

RBCs = 44%, WBC = 1% on the “Buffy Coat”

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6
Q

What are the three main plasma proteins we discussed?

A

Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen

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7
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein? what is its fxn?

A

Albumin, transports fatty acids and other insolubles

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8
Q

What are the four categories of globulins?

A

Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta, and Gamma

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9
Q

Which category of globulin includes the antibodies?

A

Gamma

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10
Q

What does fibrinogen form during the clotting process?

A

Fibrin

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11
Q

What are the three classes of blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes (AKA Platelets!!)

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12
Q

What are the two categories of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and Non-Granulocytes

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13
Q

What are the three granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

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14
Q

What are the 2 non granulocytes?

A

Monocytes & Lymphocytes

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15
Q

What cell is the hallmark (catalina wine mixers) of Acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil (Neutralize the damage!)

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16
Q

What cell is the hallmark of chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocyte (the Payton Manning of cells, QB)

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17
Q

What is the MOTHER cell of the platelets?

A

MegaKaryOcyte

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18
Q

What are the two organs involved in fetal hematapoesis? (they can start again in dire straights)

A

Liver and Spleen

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19
Q

Embryology flash back: where does hematapoesis begin in the embryological beginnings?

A

The YOLK SAC islands

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20
Q

How long do RBCs live?

A

120 Days

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21
Q

What about the shape signals death for a RBC?

A

It loses the biconcave shape

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22
Q

Where does the old RBC get taken to pasture?

A

the spleen

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23
Q

What are the three components of the RBC that get recycled?

A
  1. Iron 2. globin 3. heme
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24
Q

What happens to the iron after an old RBC is taken to pasture? What 2 molecules does the iron use for transport?

A

the iron gets sent back to the BONE MARROW for use in new RBCs! It is transported by Ferritin & Hem-o-sid-er-in

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25
Q

What happens to the Globin after an old RBC is taken out to pasture?

A

the Globin gets broken down to its AAs and they are recycled

26
Q

What happens to the heme after an old RBC is taken out to pasture?

A

the heme is converted to BILIRUBIN

27
Q

What two substances does bilirubin get converted to if not being reused?

A

Uro-bilin-ogen (Pee) & Sterco-bilin-ogen (Poo)

28
Q

How many Heavy Chain antibodies are there? you What are they? (*dont get this freggin wrong)

A
  1. G.A.M.E.D. (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD)
29
Q

Where are antibodies made? What are antibodies made of? What shape are antibodies?

A

WHERE: B-cells—>Plasma cells and produce antibodies MADE OF: glycoprotein SHAPE: Y

30
Q

How many light chains are there for antibodies? What are they named?

A

2: Kappa and Lambda

31
Q

Which antibodies show up the breast milk?

A

IgG & IgA

32
Q

Which antibodies can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

33
Q

How many IgG’s are needed to start the complement system? How many IgM’s?

A

2 IgG’s and 1 IgM (c/o structure)

34
Q

Which antibody binds to Eosinophils to help release histamine?

A

IgE (E for EOSINOPHIL!?)

35
Q

What are the 4 places the secretory IgA antibody is found?

A

Tears, Saliva, Lumen of Gut, Nasal cavity.

36
Q

What are the first two antibodies at the site of acute inflammation?

A

Alpha-1-AntiTrypsin & Alpha-2-MacroGlobulin

37
Q

What are the 5 names for a neutrophil?

A

1.BAND Neutrophil (sign of frequent production), 2. PMN’s (PolyMorphoNuclear Leukocytes), 3. POLY’s, 4. SEG’s(Segmented Nuclei), 5. NEUT’s

38
Q

Which cell, when fighting infection, dies in large numbers creating pus?

A

Neutrophils

39
Q

Granules of Neutrophils: What % of the granules in neutrophils are Specific? What are the two bactericidal substances contained in them?

A

80% of granules in neutrophils are “specific” granules… Phagocytin and Lysozyme

40
Q

What’s the term for a neutrophil granule that is larger and consists of lysosomes that contain peroxidases, acid hydrolyses, and acid phosphatase (all for antibacterial)?

A

Non-Specific granules!

41
Q

Which two granulocytes have bi-lobed nuclei? Which granulocyte has multiple segmented nuclei?

A

Neutrophils have multi segmented nuclei…(up to five lobes after maturity), Eosinophils have a Bi-Lobed nucleus, BasoPhils have a bilobed nucleus

42
Q

Which granulocyte is specialized for parasites and hypersensitivity?

A

Eosinophils!

43
Q

What are the three nicknames for a monocyte once it enters the tissue?

A

Macrophages, Phagocytes, or Histiocytes in tissue

44
Q

What does a basophil turn in to when it exits the circulation and enters the tissue?

A

Basophils are the same as MAST cells just in connective tissue

45
Q

What specific bone marrow regions do we see hematapoesis?

A

flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column, the pelvis, some proximal ends of long bones

46
Q

What are the 6 cells of the Natural (innate) immunity?

A

1.Neutrophils 2.Macrophages/Monocytes 3. Natural Killer Cells 4. Mast Cells/Basophils 5. Dendritic Cells 6. Eosinophils

47
Q

What is the main task of the neutrophil in natural immunity?

A

Phagocytosis and destroying of bacteria!

48
Q

What is the main task of a Macrophage/Monocyte?

A

Long lived usually involved in CHRONIC inflammation!

49
Q

What are monocytes called in the liver?

A

Kupffer Cells

50
Q

What are monocytes called in the lungs?

A

Dust cells or heart failure cells

51
Q

What are monocytes called in the brain?

A

Microglial Cells

52
Q

What is the main function of Natural Killer Cells?

A

Attack VIRALLY infected cells!!!

53
Q

What do NK cells secrete to help healthy cells not become infected by a virus?

A

Interferon

54
Q

What two substances can bind to a mast cell/basophil to release cytokines and histamine?

A

IgE and/or The COMPLEX

55
Q

What are dendritic cells in the skin?

A

Langerhans Cells

56
Q

What are dendritic cells in the lymph nodes?

A

Interdigitating Cells

57
Q

Which immune cell is the true “antigen presenting cell”?

A

Dendritic Cell

58
Q

Which immune cell is a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic!

59
Q

What color is the dye Eosin? (as in eosinophil :))

A

Orange-Pink

60
Q

What are the three major molecules of the innate system?

A
  1. Complement 2. Acute Phase Proteins (Reactants) 3. Interferons

Immunology (10 decks)

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