E2-Human Host Defense Mechanisms

Question 1

What are these examples of? skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, mouth and gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tracts

Answer 1

Natural Barriers

Question 2

What in the sweat is inhibiting microbes?

Answer 2

salt and fatty acids

Question 3

Which natural barrier has a secretion that contains IgG’s and IgA’s?

Answer 3

Mucous Membranes

Question 4

What is the lining epithelium of mucous membranes contains cilia and mucus with secretory IgA that propels organisms to either be coughed or sneezed?

Answer 4

The MucoCilliAAAAry ElevAAAAtor

Question 5

What about the nose throws particulate matter, dust, pollen and microbes onto the sticky mucous lining where much of it adheres?

Answer 5

Turbulent Flow of Air

Question 6

What are three natural barriers for the GI?

Answer 6

pH, Peristalsis, resident flora

Question 7

What about the male urethra compared to the female urethra makes it a better barrier?

Answer 7

Male is longer, more space to travel

Question 8

What do the kidneys produce to bind to bacteria and excrete them?

Answer 8

mucoproteins

Question 9

What keeps the vagina pH low and inhibits the growth of other bacteria and candida?

Answer 9

Lactobacillus

Question 10

What is the substance in tears and saliva that degrades peptidoglycan?

Answer 10

Lysozyme

Question 11

What lubricates the skin and coats the meatal hairs to impede the entry of foreign particles into the ear?

Answer 11

EARWAX!

Question 12

What is found in saliva, body tissues and phagocytes

and breaks down hydrogen peroxide to produce reactive oxygen?

Answer 12

Peroxidase

Question 13

What sequesters iron from microorganisms, iron essential for microbial growth and is found in saliva, some phagocytes, blood and tissue fluids?

Answer 13

Lactoferrin

Question 14

What are antimicrobial peptides inserted into microbial membrane and are found on mucous membranes and in phagocytes?

Answer 14

Defensins

Question 15

What is the portion of blood plasma that escapes through the capillaries into the tissue?

Answer 15

Interstitial Fluid/Extracellular fluid

Question 16

What system is responsible for collecting the left over interstitial fluid? What does it use to return it to the heart?

Answer 16

The lymph system! Through lymphatic channels

Question 17

How does lymph move?

Answer 17

skeletal muscle contrations

Question 18

What direction does lymph travel? (Remember your favorite band?)

Answer 18

TOWARDS the heart…ONE DIRECTION!

Question 19

Where does lymph get back into the blood?

Answer 19

The left thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct

Question 20

What system renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign material?

Answer 20

The lymphatic system!

Question 21

What are the three main substances of lymph?

Answer 21

1. Water 2. Dissovled Salts 3. 2-5%Proteins

Question 22

What are the four main cells/structures found in the lymph?

Answer 22

1. WBCs 2.Fats 3.Cellular Debris 4. INFECTIOUS AGENTS

Question 23

What is the process of the lymph system carrying cancer cells to other parts of the body?

Answer 23

Metastasis

Question 24

What are low molecular weight proteins secreted by certain cells as a mechanism to communicate with other cells?

Answer 24

Cytokines

Question 25

What type of cell does the cytokine bind to?

Answer 25

Inflammatory cells

Question 26

What are the four actions of a cell after binding of a cytokine?

Answer 26

1.growth 2.differentiation 3.movement 4.cell death

Question 27

What are the 5 types of cytokines?

Answer 27

1. Interleukins 2.Tumor Necrosis Factors 3.Chemokines 4.Colony Stimulating Factors 5. Interferons

Question 28

What are the three different ranges of cytokines?

Answer 28

Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine

Question 29

What are the two main cytokines produced my Macrophages? (they activate MORE cytokine release from other cells!)

Answer 29

IL-1 and TNF-alpha

Question 30

What is the cytokine released by T-lymphocytes AND NK cells that targets viral killing?

Answer 30

Interferon-gamma

Question 31

What is the "traffic cop" cell that controls migration of other inflammatory cells? What are the two classes of these?

Answer 31

Chemokines (COPS) : 1.Inflammatory and 2. Homing

Question 32

Which chemokine class recruits leukocytes during host inflammatory responses?

Answer 32

Inflammatory Chemokines

Question 33

Which chemokines are expressed and upregulated during disease states and function in directing traffic and HOMING of lymphocytes to lymphoid tissues?

Answer 33

Homing Chemokines

Question 34

Which cytokine stimulates the production of blood cells by binding to receptor proteins on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 34

Colony Stimulating Factor

Question 35

Which chemokine can be made in a laboratory exogenously and treatment can help the blood-forming tissue recover from the effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in cancer patients?

Answer 35

Colony Stimulating Factor!

Question 36

What are the three types of colony-stimulating factors?

Answer 36

CSF-1 (macrophage) CSF-2 (granulocyte-macrophage) CSF-3 (granulocyte)

Question 37

Interesting: what is one of the MOST POTENT activators of macrophages, endothelial cells, and neutrophils? (hint: not made by humans)

Answer 37

LPS made by G- (bastards!)

Question 38

REVIEW: what does serum-LPS bind to again in order to stimulate a monocyte?

Answer 38

LBP-Lipopolysaccaride-Binding Protein (starts diapedesis)