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Immunology > E2-Human Host Defense Mechanisms > Flashcards

E2-Human Host Defense Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are these examples of? skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, mouth and gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tracts

A

Natural Barriers

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2
Q

What in the sweat is inhibiting microbes?

A

salt and fatty acids

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3
Q

Which natural barrier has a secretion that contains IgG’s and IgA’s?

A

Mucous Membranes

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4
Q

What is the lining epithelium of mucous membranes contains cilia and mucus with secretory IgA that propels organisms to either be coughed or sneezed?

A

The MucoCilliAAAAry ElevAAAAtor

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5
Q

What about the nose throws particulate matter, dust, pollen and microbes onto the sticky mucous lining where much of it adheres?

A

Turbulent Flow of Air

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6
Q

What are three natural barriers for the GI?

A

pH, Peristalsis, resident flora

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7
Q

What about the male urethra compared to the female urethra makes it a better barrier?

A

Male is longer, more space to travel

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8
Q

What do the kidneys produce to bind to bacteria and excrete them?

A

mucoproteins

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9
Q

What keeps the vagina pH low and inhibits the growth of other bacteria and candida?

A

Lactobacillus

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10
Q

What is the substance in tears and saliva that degrades peptidoglycan?

A

Lysozyme

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11
Q

What lubricates the skin and coats the meatal hairs to impede the entry of foreign particles into the ear?

A

EARWAX!

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12
Q

What is found in saliva, body tissues and phagocytes

and breaks down hydrogen peroxide to produce reactive oxygen?

A

Peroxidase

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13
Q

What sequesters iron from microorganisms, iron essential for microbial growth and is found in saliva, some phagocytes, blood and tissue fluids?

A

Lactoferrin

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14
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides inserted into microbial membrane and are found on mucous membranes and in phagocytes?

A

Defensins

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15
Q

What is the portion of blood plasma that escapes through the capillaries into the tissue?

A

Interstitial Fluid/Extracellular fluid

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16
Q

What system is responsible for collecting the left over interstitial fluid? What does it use to return it to the heart?

A

The lymph system! Through lymphatic channels

17
Q

How does lymph move?

A

skeletal muscle contrations

18
Q

What direction does lymph travel? (Remember your favorite band?)

A

TOWARDS the heart…ONE DIRECTION!

19
Q

Where does lymph get back into the blood?

A

The left thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct

20
Q

What system renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign material?

A

The lymphatic system!

21
Q

What are the three main substances of lymph?

A
  1. Water 2. Dissovled Salts 3. 2-5%Proteins
22
Q

What are the four main cells/structures found in the lymph?

A
  1. WBCs 2.Fats 3.Cellular Debris 4. INFECTIOUS AGENTS
23
Q

What is the process of the lymph system carrying cancer cells to other parts of the body?

A

Metastasis

24
Q

What are low molecular weight proteins secreted by certain cells as a mechanism to communicate with other cells?

A

Cytokines

25
Q

What type of cell does the cytokine bind to?

A

Inflammatory cells

26
Q

What are the four actions of a cell after binding of a cytokine?

A

1.growth 2.differentiation 3.movement 4.cell death

27
Q

What are the 5 types of cytokines?

A
  1. Interleukins 2.Tumor Necrosis Factors 3.Chemokines 4.Colony Stimulating Factors 5. Interferons
28
Q

What are the three different ranges of cytokines?

A

Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine

29
Q

What are the two main cytokines produced my Macrophages? (they activate MORE cytokine release from other cells!)

A

IL-1 and TNF-alpha

30
Q

What is the cytokine released by T-lymphocytes AND NK cells that targets viral killing?

A

Interferon-gamma

31
Q

What is the “traffic cop” cell that controls migration of other inflammatory cells? What are the two classes of these?

A

Chemokines (COPS) : 1.Inflammatory and 2. Homing

32
Q

Which chemokine class recruits leukocytes during host inflammatory responses?

A

Inflammatory Chemokines

33
Q

Which chemokines are expressed and upregulated during disease states and function in directing traffic and HOMING of lymphocytes to lymphoid tissues?

A

Homing Chemokines

34
Q

Which cytokine stimulates the production of blood cells by binding to receptor proteins on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells?

A

Colony Stimulating Factor

35
Q

Which chemokine can be made in a laboratory exogenously and treatment can help the blood-forming tissue recover from the effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in cancer patients?

A

Colony Stimulating Factor!

36
Q

What are the three types of colony-stimulating factors?

A

CSF-1 (macrophage) CSF-2 (granulocyte-macrophage) CSF-3 (granulocyte)

37
Q

Interesting: what is one of the MOST POTENT activators of macrophages, endothelial cells, and neutrophils? (hint: not made by humans)

A

LPS made by G- (bastards!)

38
Q

REVIEW: what does serum-LPS bind to again in order to stimulate a monocyte?

A

LBP-Lipopolysaccaride-Binding Protein (starts diapedesis)

Immunology (10 decks)

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