E2 Chapter 16/17: Inheritance and Gene Expression

Question 1

Copying DNA is also called

Answer 1

DNA replication

Question 2

Type of DNA replication where the replicated double helix consists of one old strand (from the parent molecule) and one new strand

Answer 2

Semiconservative model

Question 3

The two parent strands reassociate after acting as templates for new strands, thus restoring the parental double helix

Answer 3

Conservative model

Question 4

Each strand of both daughters contains a mixture of old and new DNA

Answer 4

Dispersive model

Question 5

What model of DNA replication is the most commonly regarded as true?

Answer 5

Semiconservative model

Question 6

Each somatic cell has how many DNA molecules in its nucleus?

Answer 6

46

Question 7

short stretches of DNA that have a specific sequence of nucleotides; “start here”

Answer 7

Origins of replication

Question 8

a Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound

Answer 8

Replication fork

Question 9

Proteins that initiate DNA replication recognize this sequence and attach to the DNA, separating the two strands and opening up

Answer 9

a replication bubble

Question 10

enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands

Answer 10

Helicases

Question 11

A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing and holding strands as they get ready for complimentary strands

Answer 11

Single-strand binding protein

Question 12

a short polynucleotide with a free 3′ end, which is bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.

Answer 12

Primer

Question 13

The primer is synthesized by what enzyme (it is really obvious lol)

Answer 13

Primase

Question 14

enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a pre-existing chain.

Answer 14

DNA Polymerase

Question 15

The two strands in DNA replication are anti-________. What does this mean?

Answer 15

Anti-parallel; the 3’ end of one attaches to the 5’ end of the other

Question 16

A DNA strand can only elongate in which direction?

Answer 16

5’-3’

Question 17

short segments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

Answer 17

Okazaki Fragments

Question 18

one of the two new strands of DNA synthesized during DNA replication.

Answer 18

Lagging strand

Question 19

What is a lagging strands main characteristic?

Answer 19

It is synthesized discontinuously in short segments

Question 20

Lagging strands are _______________ to the template strands and synthesized in the _______ direction

Answer 20

Anti-parallel; 3-5

Question 21

Where do Okazaki fragments start synthesizing?

Answer 21

Origins of Replication

Question 22

crucial for maintaining DNA integrity and preventing mutations that could lead to diseases.

Answer 22

Mismatch Repair

Question 23

In many replications, a segment of the strand containing the damage is cut out (excised) by a DNA-cutting enzyme called

Answer 23

Nuclease

Question 24

The exact way in which this complex of DNA and protein fits together

Answer 24

Chromatin

Question 25

The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription

Answer 25

Euchromatin

Question 26

Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed

Answer 26

Heterochromatin

Question 27

A change in nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA/RNA of a virus

Answer 27

Mutations

Question 28

A change in a SINGLE nucleotide pair in a gene

Answer 28

Point mutation

Question 29

What are the two types of small-scale gene mutations? (2)

Answer 29

1. Single nucleotide-pair substitutions 2. nucleotide-pair insertion/deletion

Question 30

the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

Answer 30

Nucleotide-pair substitutions

Question 31

a mutation that has no observable effect on the phenotype

Answer 31

Silent-mutations

Question 32

Substitutions that change one amino acid to another one

Answer 32

Missense mutations

Question 33

mutations that cause translation to be terminated prematurely

Answer 33

non-sense mutations

Question 34

Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gen

Answer 34

Insertions/deletions

Question 35

occurs whenever the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three

Answer 35

Frameshift mutation

Question 36

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation

Answer 36

Mutage

Question 37

Mi mato con la pistola

Answer 37

i'm going to shoot myself

Question 38

altering genes in a specific, predictable way

Answer 38

Gene editing

Question 39

The moving ends of each bubble – where the double-stranded DNA is getting pulled apart & copied – are called

Answer 39

The Replication Fork

Question 40

where there are now two identical sets of double-stranded DNA

Answer 40

Replication bubble

Question 41

One origin of replication on a circular DNA. Opposite replication forks eventually meet, resulting in two separate double-stranded DNAs

Answer 41

Prokaryotic Replication

Question 42

Multiple origins of replication on each non- circular DNA double helix. The multiple replication bubbles eventually connect, resulting in two separate double- stranded DNAs

Answer 42

Eukaryotic Replication

Question 43

What are the 4 major enzymes?

Answer 43

1. Helicase 2. Primase 3. DNA polymerase 4. DNA Ligase

Question 44

Enzyme that separates the two parental strands of the DNA double-helix so that they can be replicated

Answer 44

Helicase

Question 45

What are the two ways DNA polymerase helps to build a new DNA strand?

Answer 45

1. Helping lone nucleotides base- pair with nucleotides on the parent strand 2. Catalyzing phosphodiester bonds between incoming nucleotides so they’re connected to each other

Question 46

synthesizes a short primer in replication

Answer 46

Primase

Question 47

A short stretch of RNA base- paired to the DNA parental strand. It is a starting block for DNA polymerase to build a new complimentary strand.

Answer 47

Primer

Question 48

Daughter strands are always built in what direction?

Answer 48

5'-3'

Question 49

Is DNA's double strand parallel or antiparallel?

Answer 49

Antiparallel

Question 50

The daughter strand IS the

Answer 50

leading strand

Question 51

The lagging strand is built in what direction?

Answer 51

3'-5'

Question 52

What are the 5 steps of DNA replication?

Answer 52

1. Unzip the DNA 2. Add primers 3. Build new complimentary strands 4. Replace primers 5. Join the Okazaki Fragments

Question 53

A _____________ elongates the new strands by adding DNA nucleotides

Answer 53

DNA polymerase

Question 54

Once the fragments of the new strands touch, _______________ cuts out the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides.

Answer 54

DNA polymerase

Question 55

joins together the remaining adjacent nucleotides where the primers have been replaced

Answer 55

Ligase

Question 56

Are Okazaki fragments continuous or discontinuous

Answer 56

Discontinuous

Question 57

Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into multiple

Answer 57

Chromosomes

Question 58

One long strand of DNA wrapped around histone proteins

Answer 58

Chromosome

Question 59

Protein "beads" around which DNA is wrapped

Answer 59

Histones

Question 60

Histones help to do what?

Answer 60

Help a cell package and organize its extremely long DNA into a small space

Question 61

DNA + Histones; the stuff of chromosomes

Answer 61

Chromatin

Question 62

Is chromatin loosely packed or tightly packaed?

Answer 62

Can be both

Question 63

What does loosely packed chromatin do?

Answer 63

Leaves enough room between the "beads" for transcription and replication enzymes to access the DNA

Question 64

What does tightly packed chromatin do?

Answer 64

Allow for genomes to not be transcribed