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BIO121 > E2 Chapter 16/17: Inheritance and Gene Expression > Flashcards

E2 Chapter 16/17: Inheritance and Gene Expression Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Copying DNA is also called

A

DNA replication

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2
Q

Type of DNA replication where the replicated double helix consists of one old strand (from the parent molecule) and one new strand

A

Semiconservative model

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3
Q

The two parent strands reassociate after acting as templates for new strands, thus restoring the parental double helix

A

Conservative model

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4
Q

Each strand of both daughters contains a mixture of old and new DNA

A

Dispersive model

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5
Q

What model of DNA replication is the most commonly regarded as true?

A

Semiconservative model

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6
Q

Each somatic cell has how many DNA molecules in its nucleus?

A

46

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7
Q

short stretches of DNA that have a specific sequence of nucleotides; “start here”

A

Origins of replication

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8
Q

a Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound

A

Replication fork

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9
Q

Proteins that initiate DNA replication recognize this sequence and attach to the DNA, separating the two strands and opening up

A

a replication bubble

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10
Q

enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands

A

Helicases

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11
Q

A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing and holding strands as they get ready for complimentary strands

A

Single-strand binding protein

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12
Q

a short polynucleotide with a free 3′ end, which is bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.

A

Primer

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13
Q

The primer is synthesized by what enzyme (it is really obvious lol)

A

Primase

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14
Q

enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a pre-existing chain.

A

DNA Polymerase

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15
Q

The two strands in DNA replication are anti-________. What does this mean?

A

Anti-parallel; the 3’ end of one attaches to the 5’ end of the other

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16
Q

A DNA strand can only elongate in which direction?

A

5’-3’

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17
Q

short segments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

A

Okazaki Fragments

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18
Q

one of the two new strands of DNA synthesized during DNA replication.

A

Lagging strand

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19
Q

What is a lagging strands main characteristic?

A

It is synthesized discontinuously in short segments

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20
Q

Lagging strands are _______________ to the template strands and synthesized in the _______ direction

A

Anti-parallel; 3-5

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21
Q

Where do Okazaki fragments start synthesizing?

A

Origins of Replication

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22
Q

crucial for maintaining DNA integrity and preventing mutations that could lead to diseases.

A

Mismatch Repair

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23
Q

In many replications, a segment of the strand containing the damage is cut out (excised) by a DNA-cutting enzyme called

A

Nuclease

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24
Q

The exact way in which this complex of DNA and protein fits together

A

Chromatin

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25
Q

The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription

A

Euchromatin

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26
Q

Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed

A

Heterochromatin

27
Q

A change in nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA/RNA of a virus

A

Mutations

28
Q

A change in a SINGLE nucleotide pair in a gene

A

Point mutation

29
Q

What are the two types of small-scale gene mutations? (2)

A
  1. Single nucleotide-pair substitutions
  2. nucleotide-pair insertion/deletion
30
Q

the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

A

Nucleotide-pair substitutions

31
Q

a mutation that has no observable effect on the phenotype

A

Silent-mutations

32
Q

Substitutions that change one amino acid to another one

A

Missense mutations

33
Q

mutations that cause translation to be terminated prematurely

A

non-sense mutations

34
Q

Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gen

A

Insertions/deletions

35
Q

occurs whenever the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three

A

Frameshift mutation

36
Q

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation

A

Mutage

37
Q

Mi mato con la pistola

A

i’m going to shoot myself

38
Q

altering genes in a specific, predictable way

A

Gene editing

39
Q

The moving ends of each bubble – where the
double-stranded DNA is getting pulled apart &
copied – are called

A

The Replication Fork

40
Q

where there
are now two identical sets of double-stranded DNA

A

Replication bubble

41
Q

One origin of replication on a circular DNA.
Opposite replication forks eventually meet, resulting in two
separate double-stranded DNAs

A

Prokaryotic Replication

42
Q

Multiple origins of replication on each non-
circular DNA double helix. The multiple replication bubbles
eventually connect, resulting in two separate double-
stranded DNAs

A

Eukaryotic Replication

43
Q

What are the 4 major enzymes?

A
  1. Helicase
  2. Primase
  3. DNA polymerase
  4. DNA Ligase
44
Q

Enzyme that separates the two parental strands of
the DNA double-helix so that they can be
replicated

A

Helicase

45
Q

What are the two ways DNA polymerase helps to build a new DNA strand?

A
  1. Helping lone nucleotides base-
    pair with nucleotides on the
    parent strand
  2. Catalyzing phosphodiester
    bonds between incoming
    nucleotides so they’re
    connected to each other
46
Q

synthesizes a short
primer in replication

A

Primase

47
Q

A short stretch of RNA base-
paired to the DNA parental strand. It
is a starting block for DNA
polymerase to build a new complimentary
strand.

A

Primer

48
Q

Daughter strands are always built in what direction?

A

5’-3’

49
Q

Is DNA’s double strand parallel or antiparallel?

A

Antiparallel

50
Q

The daughter strand IS the

A

leading strand

51
Q

The lagging strand is built in what direction?

A

3’-5’

52
Q

What are the 5 steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. Unzip the DNA
  2. Add primers
  3. Build new complimentary strands
  4. Replace primers
  5. Join the Okazaki Fragments
53
Q

A _____________ elongates the new strands by adding DNA nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase

54
Q

Once the fragments of the new strands touch,
_______________ cuts out the RNA
primers and replaces them with DNA
nucleotides.

A

DNA polymerase

55
Q

joins together the remaining adjacent
nucleotides where the primers have been
replaced

A

Ligase

56
Q

Are Okazaki fragments continuous or discontinuous

A

Discontinuous

57
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into multiple

A

Chromosomes

58
Q

One long strand of DNA wrapped around histone proteins

A

Chromosome

59
Q

Protein “beads” around which DNA is wrapped

A

Histones

60
Q

Histones help to do what?

A

Help a cell package and organize its extremely long DNA into a small space

61
Q

DNA + Histones; the stuff of chromosomes

A

Chromatin

62
Q

Is chromatin loosely packed or tightly packaed?

A

Can be both

63
Q

What does loosely packed chromatin do?

A

Leaves enough room between the “beads” for transcription and replication enzymes to access the DNA

64
Q

What does tightly packed chromatin do?

A

Allow for genomes to not be transcribed

BIO121 (13 decks)

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