E1 Chapter 3: DNA and Chemical Components of Biology Flashcards
Exam 1
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the function of DNA?
To store genetic information that is used to make proteins, and gets replicated to transmit genes to next gen
Is DNA single or double-stranded? What is the coding of DNA?
Double-stranded; ACGT
The monomer building blocks of DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
What are the 3 nucleotides of DNA and RNA?
- 5-Carbon Pentose Sugar
- Phosphate Group
- Nitrogenous Base
In DNA and RNA, the 5-carbon pentose sugar is different in what aspect?
RNA has an OH group attached to carbon 3’ and carbon 5’, while DNA only has an OH group attached to carbon 3’
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
What is the function of RNA?
mRNA carries genetic info from DNA to the ribosomes
Is RNA double or single-stranded? What is its coding?
Single; ACGU
The _________________ vary between DNA and RNA sequences
nitrogenous bases
A single strand of RNA/DNA is built by joining the _________________________ of one nucleotide to the _________________________________ of another
Phosphate; 5-carbon pentose sugar
The bond connecting nucleotides is called a
phosphodiester bond
A in DNA stands for _____________ and likes to pair with _
Adenine; T
G in DNA stands for ______________ and likes to pair with _
Guanine; C
C in DNA stands for ______________ and likes to pair with _
Cytosine; G
T in DNA stands for ______________ and likes to pair with _
Thymine; A
U in RNA stands for _______________ and likes to pair with _
Urasil; A
Oxygen is more EN than H in a covalent bond, which creates
Polar covalent bonds
The dipole attraction of a H to an EN- element like Oxygen
Hydrogen bonding
The process, act, or state in which alike molecules or body parts bind or stay close together
Cohesion
What are the four emergent properties of water?
- Cohesion of the water molecule
- Moderation of temperature by water
- Floating ice on the water
- Water as the solvent of life
Hydrogen bonds holding a substance together are an example of ___________
Cohesion
How difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid; What causes this?
Surface tension; cohesion
Does water have a high or low surface tension?
High
The clinging of one substance to another
Adhesion
Energy of motion
Kinetic energy
The faster a molecule moves, the greater its
Kinetic energy
The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms
Thermal energy
The average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of matter
Temperature
Thermal energy is transferred from one body of matter to another
Heat
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree
Specific heat
Why does ice float on water? Why is this unique?
Water in a solid form is less dense than in a liquid form. No other liquid is like this
Polar substances that love water
Hydrophilic
Nonpolar substances that hate water
Hydrophobic
Atom that plays a key role in biomolecules
Carbon
The number of covalent bonds an atom can form
Valence
Molecules known for their huge size
Macromolecules
A molecule consisting of many similar blocks linked by covalent bonds
Polymers
The repeating units that serve as building blocks for polymers
Monomers
Specific macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes
Have molecular formula that are some multiple of the unit CH2O
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides are two monosaccharides that are joined by ____________
A glycosidic linkage
What is a glycosidic linkage?
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration
RNA specifically controls
protein synthesis
What are the two father groups of nitrogenous variations?
- Pyrimidine
- Purines
One Six-membered ring of carbon and sugar is called? DNA/RNA examples are
Pyrimidine; C T U
A larger six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring is called? DNA examples are
Purines; A G
