E1 - Intro

Question 1

Endocrine Glands

Answer 1

-Hypothalamus
-Thyroid Gland
-Adrenal Glands
-Ovaries / Testes
-Pituitary Gland
-Parathyroid Gland
-Pancreas

Question 2

Hormone release is controlled by two mechanisms:

Answer 2

1. Stored in secretory granules for release
2. Released by direct diffusion

Question 3

Hormones can travel different distances

Answer 3

• Autocrine: back to the same cell
• Paracrine: to a neighboring cell
• Endocrine: transported via the blood stream
  to a distant target tissue (bound to carrier proteins)

Question 4

Hormones exert effects by binding to their cognate receptors located:

Answer 4

• On the cell surface
• Intracellularly (cytoplasm)

Question 5

Mechanisms of Hormone Regulation:

Answer 5

-Biosynthesis (transcription/lation)
-Pro-hormone, precursor processing
-Secretion (storage/release)
-Serum binding proteins (albumin)

Question 6

Only ___ hormone can enter cells and cause physiologic effects

Answer 6

Free

Biologic activity is based on free hormone measurements

Question 7

Hormone Receptor Types

Answer 7

Cell Surface
-GPCR, RTK, Cytokine

Nuclear
-Steroid, Thyroid hormones
-Vit D, Vit A, Estrogen

Question 8

_____ ensure that peripheral hormones remain within the homeostatic set point

Answer 8

NegativeFeedback loops

Question 9

• ___ peripheral gland hormone levels inhibit the hypothalamus/pituitary.
• H/P hormone output is ___.
• Peripheral gland hormone output is thus ____.
• Peripheral hormone levels fall, this relieves H/P ____.
• H/P hormones are ____ = peripheral gland hormone levels rise again

Answer 9

-HIGH
-Reduced
-Reduced
-Relieves inhibition
-Activated

Question 10

When the problem is in the pituitary (master) gland

Answer 10

This is called “secondary or “central” disease

Question 11

When the problem is in the peripheral endocrine gland

Answer 11

This is called “primary” disease

Question 12

Normal Hypothalamic- Pituitary-Gland Axis

Answer 12

Hypothalamus = Releasing Hormone = Pituitary = Pituitary Hormone = Peripheral Gland = Peripheral Hormone = Target Organ = Effect

Question 13

In _____ disease, the peripheral endocrine gland (child) is not responding to signals from the pituitary (TWO ANSWERS)

Answer 13

primary HYPER (like tumors not responding to pituitary hormone decrease)

OR

primary HYPO (like autoimmune destruction of gland)

Question 14

In _____ disease, the peripheral endocrine gland (child) is listening to signals from the pituitary (parent), but the pituitary signals are inappropriately high because they are not responding to feedback.

Answer 14

secondary HYPER (tumor does not respond to increased negative feedback)

Question 15

In ____ disease, the peripheral endocrine gland (child) is listening to signals form the pituitary (parent), but the pituitary signals are inappropriately low. The pituitary is not responding to feedback.

Answer 15

secondary HYPO (large non functional tumor in pituitary gland so pg cannot respond to decreased NF)

Question 16

Summary of hormone changes with primary and secondary disorders

Answer 16

Question 17

2 Easy Steps to Diagnosing Endocrine Disease

Answer 17

Step 1: Determine if the peripheral endocrine hormone is high (hyper-) or low (hypo-)

Step 2: Determine if the source of the problemis the peripheral endocrine gland or the pituitary

Question 18

Tissue Resistance

Answer 18

– Target organ cells cannot “hear” peripheral hormone = symptoms of deficiency

– Pituitary and hypothalamic cells cannot “hear” negative feedback from peripheral hormone = increase in hypothalamic/pituitary hormones