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Immunology > DSA - Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

DSA - Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen

A

Ags
foreign or “non-self” materials in the body (cells, proteins, DNA, etc.) that trigger an immune response after being recognized by immune cell receptors

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2
Q

Epitope

A

The part of an antigen molecule where the antibody attaches

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3
Q

Antibodies

A

Name: Abs, immunoglobulins (from globulin family of proteins)
-Proteins that circulate in the body after an infection or immunization

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4
Q

Humoral immunity

A
  • Part of the immune system that concerns macromolecules in the body fluids (humoral system) and the immune role they play
  • Includes secreted antibodies and proteins
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5
Q

Koch, Ehrlich and Metchnikoff

A

Koch – discovered anthrax
Ehrlich — discovered that immune cells can secrete receptors and coined term ANTIBODY
Metchnikoff — Founded idea of Cellular Theory of Immunity; discovered phagocytes

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6
Q

Difference between the primary and secondary immune response

A

First response — first exposure to an antigen

Secondary response – second exposure, stronger and better response from body due to familiarity

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7
Q

Memory Cells

A
  • Created following a primary immune response and are activated after subsequent exposures to antigens
  • Can be Memory B and Memory T cells
  • Generated from antigen-stimulated lymphocytes and differentiate
  • Serve no function unless stimulated
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8
Q

Immunological memory

A
  • Each antigen exposure creates more memory cells, leading to better immune response
  • Reason why vaccines provide long-lasting protection
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9
Q

Immunization (and how to achieve)

A

When an organism is made immune to a disease/pathogen/antigen

1) Natural immunity
2) Artificial immunity

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10
Q

Natural Immunity

A
  • Develops following exposure to, infection from and recovery from a LIVE pathogen.
  • Development time: weeks
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11
Q

Artificial Immunity

A
  • Developed following exposure to a killed or weakened pathogen but there is no infection -Provides long lasting protection
  • Prophylactic
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12
Q

Prophylactic

A

Preventative medicine, in contrast to therapeutic (treatment for current infection)

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13
Q

Active Immunity

A

Immunity created from exposure to either live (natural) or killed/weakened (artificial) pathogen

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14
Q

Passive Immunity

A

When an individual is given another person’s Abs (antibodies) for THERAPEUTIC, rather than prophylactic, treatment
KEY: Short-lived protection

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15
Q

Levels of Immune protection

A

1) Barriers (skin)
2) Innate Immune system
3) Adaptive immune system

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16
Q

Innate immunity

A
  • First line of defense
  • Consists of CELLULAR and HUMORAL components
  • Present from birth, utilizes preformed effector molecules to recognize microbe structure, activation leads to ACUTE INFLAMMATION to check pathogens while a game plan is established by the body
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17
Q

Cell-Mediated Innate Immunity components

A

-Occurs in infected cells, mediated by T cells

1) Phagocytes
2) Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils
3) Natural Killer (NK) cells

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18
Q

Phagocytes

A
  • Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages
  • Kill wide variety of pathogens
  • Trigger for intracellular kill is phagocytosis or factor secretion for extracellular (Directed by victim cell)
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19
Q

Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils

A
  • Provides defense against multicellular parasites

- Part of allergenic response

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20
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A
  • NK
  • Kill infected and malignant cells
  • IDs these cells and initiate apoptosis
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21
Q

Humoral Immunity

A
  • Mediated by Anti-bodies
  • Soluble molecules involved in innate immune response
  • Called “Inflammatory Mediators”
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22
Q

Acute Phase Proteins

A

Class of proteins (part of humoral) that increase in concentration in response to immunity (i.e. C-reactive protein (CRP))

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23
Q

Opsonization (opsonins)

A

Targeting pathogens/molecules for destruction by phagocytes — promote phagocytosis

24
Q

Complement System

A
  • Part of humoral immunity
  • Enhances ability of antibodies to clear pathogens and damaged cells
  • Act as opsonins
  • 20 proteins that control inflammation via:
    1) lysing bacteria
    2) abstracting phagocytes to rxn site
    3) opsonizing bacteria
25
Q

Process of Immune cell activation

A

-Transcription, synthesis and secretion of cytokines and chemokines

26
Q

Cytokines

A
  • Important for initiating an immune response

- Involved in signaling between cells

27
Q

Chemokines

A

-Direct immune cell movement around the body

28
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

-An acquired immune response that allows for the specific targeting of foreign antigens by receptors omg the surface of B-Lymphocytes and T-Lymphocytes

29
Q

B-Cell Receptor

A
  • Receptor on B-lymphocytes (BCR)
  • Binding by specific antigen triggers the release of soluble immunoglobulins (antibodies) by plasma cells. Part of the HUMORAL IMMUNE response of adaptive immunity
30
Q

T-Cell receptor

A

-Receptor on a T-Lymphocyte (TCR)
-Recognizes epitopes on antigen, triggering activation of the T-lymphocyte
Part of the CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
-All TCRs on same cell are identical

31
Q

Epitope

A

specific antigen determinant (i.e. part of an antigen that gives away what it is)

32
Q

Plasma cells

A

When activated, secrete specific antibodies to combat pathogen

33
Q

Memory B-Cell

A

Forms memory of specific antigen so in future exposure, it can be dealt with quickly

34
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells

A
  • APCs
  • Macrophages, Dendritic cells and B-cells
  • Necessary for T-cell activation
  • Contain MHC, which presents foreign antigen to T-cells to trigger response
35
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex

A
  • MHC

- Present on the surface of APCs, essential for showing TCRs the antigens

36
Q

Accessory signals

A
  • Delivered by APCs to activated T-Cell

- Via cytokines and cell-cell contact

37
Q

Clonal Expansion

A

When B and T cells rapidly produce an army of identical cells that quickly mature, capable of defending against the same specific antigen
-Triggered by cytokines

38
Q

T-Lymophocytes

A
  • Mediators of cell-mediated immunity
  • Mature in the thymus
  • T helper cells – help B-lymph produce antibodies
  • Cytotoxis T lymphocytes — kill all cells with foreign microbes
39
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Mediators of humoral immunity

  • Only cells capable of producing antibodies
  • Mature in the bone marrow
40
Q

Macrophages

A

Ingest and destroy foreign substances

41
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Capture microbes, display them to lymphocytes to initiate immune response

42
Q

Follicular dendritic cells

A

Display antigens to B-lymphocytes in humoral responses

43
Q

Immunological tolerance

A

Unresponsiveness to the self’s own antigens.

44
Q

Mast cells

A

-Important in allergic response but also recruit other leukocytes to destroy microbes

45
Q

Generative lymphoid organs

A

Where mature lymphocytes and produced

46
Q

Peripheral Lymphoid Organs

A

-Including the circulatory system, the destination for leukocytes

47
Q

Naive lymphocytes

A
  • Undifferented cells in circulation who’se only job is to identify antigens.
  • Alive for a few weeks and then death if antigen is not encountered
48
Q

Effector lymphocytes

A

-Mature progeny of naive lymphocytes that have the ability to produce molecules to kill microbes

49
Q

Lymph Nodes

A
  • Nodule lymphoid tissue aggregates

- Filters lymph using APCs, searching for antigens to attack

50
Q

Spleen

A
  • Blood enters spleen and flows through sinusoids (channels).
  • Antigens are captured and assembled by dendritic cells and macrophages
  • Phagocytes destroy the microbes in the blood.
51
Q

Cutaneous Immune System

A

Specialized collections of lymphoid tissues and APC’s located in and under the skin epithelia

52
Q

Mucosal Immune System

A

Specialized collections of lymphoid tissues and APC’s located in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

53
Q

High endothelial venules

A

specialized post capillary venules through which naive T cells center lymph nodes

54
Q

Immune system components

A

1) Fixed elements

2) Mobile Elements

55
Q

Fixed elements

A
  • component of the immune system
    1) Primary — bone marrow, thymus
    2) Secondary — spleen, lymph nodes

Immunology (20 decks)

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