Cytokines & Immune Regulators

Question 1

What are the cytokines produced by T-cells?

Answer 1

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17, IL-17, IL-22, TGF-b, IFN-y

Question 2

IL-2 (Function, Source)

Answer 2

proliferate T cells - CD25 makes high affinity ; activated T cell
Helps activate and proliferate CD8 When secreted by Th1

Question 3

IL-4 (Function, Source)

Answer 3

Turns B-cell -> IgM antibody (B-cell proliferation); Th2 cells ; m2 macrophage proliferation

Question 4

IL-5 (Function, Source)

Answer 4

up regulate eosinophils/Mast; Th2 cells, Mast

Question 5

IL-17 (Function, Source)

Answer 5

increase acute inflammation; Th17, other cells

Antimicrobial activity is prime function

Question 6

IL-22 (Function, Source)

Answer 6

maintain the endothelium barrier and serves antimicrobial function; Th17, NK cells

Question 7

TGF-b (Function, Source)

Answer 7

inhibits T cell proliferation; T-Regs, M2 macrophages

Question 8

IFN-y (Function, Source, Target)

Answer 8

1) Stimulates Th1 proliferation, CLASS II HLA and B7 (CD80) expression
2) Autocrine - activates Th1 and when secreted, either activates macrophages to kill or B-cells
3) Tfh cells - class switch their Abs/Complement binding (ACTIVATE B cell PROLIFERATION)

Also stimulates m1 macrophages when secreted by NK cells

Question 9

IL-12 (Function/target, source)

Answer 9

1) (proliferates Th1 (during immunologic synapse binding) & activates NK cells
2) Secreted by activated APCs

Question 10

IL-15 (Function/target, source)

Answer 10

1) Keeps Memory T-Cells alive

2) Secreted by phagocytes

Question 11

IL-6

Answer 11

1) Proliferates Th17

2) Causes Fever, Acute phase response

Question 12

IL-1

Answer 12

1) Proliferates Th17 ; inflammation response
2) Pro-inflammatory, Fever, Acute phase response
3) Secreted by activated macrophages (M1), neutrophils (DAMPS also increase production)

Vascular permeability

Question 13

IL-17

Answer 13

• Secreted by Th17

- Proinflammatory, neutrophil response, antimicrobial

Question 14

IL-22

Answer 14

• Secreted by Th17

- Proinflammatory, neutrophil response, antimicrobial, BARRIER PROTECTION

Question 15

IL-13

Answer 15

M2 macrophage proliferation

Question 16

CXCR5

Answer 16

Activates B-cell and T-cell to move to primary follicle (boundary of lymph medulla and follicle for contact)

Question 17

Bcl-2

Answer 17

Anti-apoptotic protein expressed by Memory B-Cells to avoid degradation — allows them to live a long time in the body

Question 18

ICOS / ICOS-L (ligand)

Answer 18

• Tfh needs it in the germinal center to induce differentiation of B-cells
• co stimulator similar to B7(cd80)
• Ligand on the B-cell
• Essential for Tfh function in follicle area

Question 19

Activation-Induced Deaminase (AID)

Answer 19

Enzyme responsible for switch recombination in Fc (constant region) —- also, along with Ape I Endonuclease, leads to somatic hypermutation (affinity maturation)

-Converts Cs to Us in Fc region

Question 20

Ape I Endonuclease

Answer 20

Enzyme responsible for creating “nick” in DNA after AID enzyme converts Cs to Us –> leads to somatic hypermutation in variable region

Question 21

IL-7

Answer 21

Essential for early T-cell development and Memory B-cell survival

Question 22

IL-8

Answer 22

Guide neutrophils to inflammation site after migration to tissues from blood vessels

Question 23

TNF-alpha

Answer 23

• Fever, pro-inflammatory, activates vascular permeability

- Secreted by neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes