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Pharmacology > Drugs of Abuse and Toxicity > Flashcards

Drugs of Abuse and Toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

this is non-medical use of a variety of drugs that are prohibited by law

A

illicit drug use

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2
Q

this is use of an illicit drug or the excessive or nonmedical use of a licit drug

A

drug abuse

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3
Q

this plays a primary role in expression of reward

A

dopamine

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4
Q

this schedule is no medical use with high addiction potential drugs

A

1

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5
Q

this schedule is medical use and high addiction potential drugs

A

2

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6
Q

this schedule is medical use and moderate abuse potential drugs

A

3

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7
Q

this schedule is medical use and low abuse potential drugs

A

4

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8
Q

what schedule drugs are these
marijuana
flunitrazepam
heroin
LSD
mescaline
PCP
MDA
MDMA
STP

A

1

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9
Q

what schedule drugs are these:
amphetamines
cocaine
methylphenidate
short acting barbiturates
strong opioids

A

2

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10
Q

what schedule drugs are these:
anabolic steroids
babiturates
dronabinol
ketamine
sodium oxybate

A

3

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11
Q

what schedule drugs are these:
benzodiazepines
chloral hydrate
mild stimulants
most hypnotics
weak opioids

A

4

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12
Q

MAO of sedative- hypnotics

A

GABA agonist
nicotinic receptor antagonists

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13
Q

this drug class reduces inhibitions, suppresses anxiety, and produce relaxation

A

sedative-hypnotics

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14
Q

overdose maintenance of sedative-hypnotics

A

airway maintenance
flumazenil- benzodiazepine antidote
no antidote for barbiturates or ethanol

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15
Q

withdrawal of sedative hypnotics s/s

A

seizures
high anxiety
tremor
n/v
delirium and hallucinations

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16
Q

tx of sedative hypnotic withdrawals

A

long acting sedative hypnotics to suppress the acute withdrawal syndrome, followed by gradual dose reduction

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17
Q

function of these two drugs:
clonidine
propranolol

A

suppress sympathetic overactivity

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18
Q

what are these three drugs used for:
naltrexone, acamprostate, disulfuram

A

prevent alcohol consumption

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19
Q

opioid overdose tx

A

naloxone and ventilatory support

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20
Q

opioid withdrawal s/s

A

lacrimation
rhinorrhea
yawning, sweating, weakness
gooseflesh
n/v, tremor, muscle jerks
hyperpnea
(think water effect)

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21
Q

tx of opioid withdrawal

A

replacement of illicit drug with pharmacologically equivalent (methadone)
buprenorphine may be used
naloxone in someone using strong opioids

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22
Q

amphetamine MOA

A

alters transporters of CNS amines and increases their release (dopamine, NE, serotonin)

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23
Q

chronic high dose abuse of amphetamines can lead to…

A

psychotic state with delusions and paranoia

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24
Q

amphetamine overdose s/s

A

agitation
restlessness
tachycardia and hyperthermia
hyperreflexia and seizures

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25
Q

this drug class increases euphoria and self confidence

A

amphetamines

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26
Q

amphetamine withdrawal s/s

A

increased appetite
sleepiness
exhaustion
mental depression
(possible antidepressant drugs)

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27
Q

overdose tx of amphetamine

A

no specific antidote- supportive care for body temp and protection against cardiac arrhythmias/ seizures

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28
Q

chronic abuse of this stimulant may be associated with development of what condition

A

necrotizing arteritis

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29
Q

cocaine MAO

A

inhibitor of CNS transporters of dopamine, NE and serotonin

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30
Q

the effects of this stimulant are marked by short lasting euphoria, self-confidence, and mental alertness

A

cocaine

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31
Q

overdoses of this drug commonly lead to death from arrhythmias, seizures or respiratory depression

A

cocaine

32
Q

cocaine cardiac toxicity partly due to blocking of _____ reuptake

A

NE

33
Q

this property of cocaine leads to production of seizures

A

local anesthetic action

34
Q

this cocaine property may lead to severe hypertensive episodes, MI, or CVA

A

vasoconstrictive

35
Q

is there a specific cocaine antidote?

A

no

36
Q

this is the study of toxic or harmful effects of chemicals

A

toxicology

37
Q

what is the most important tx of poisoned patients?

A

supportive care- airway support

38
Q

what are 3 procedures used to reduce absorption of poisons in the GI tract?

A

inducing emesis
gastric lavage
activated charcoal

39
Q

these procedures to reduce absorption of poisons must be done within 1 hr of ingestion to be effective and any poison that has moved into the small intestine is not removed

A

inducing emesis (best if done in 5 min)
gastric lavage

40
Q

this procedure to reduce absorption of poisons remains in the GI tract and absorbs poison throughout

A

activated charcoal

41
Q

this toxicity is the major cause of hepatic failure in US

A

acetaminophen toxicity

42
Q

what is the toxic metabolite of APAP

A

NAPQI

43
Q

how can NAPQI be toxic

A

decreases glutathione and leads to cell death

44
Q

what is the antidote for APAP

A

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)
*it’s a precursor of glutathione

45
Q

why can methanol be toxic?

A

metabolites are the cause of toxicity

46
Q

metabolism of methanol

A

methanol broken down by alcohol dehydrogenase into formaldehyde which is broken down by aldehyde dehydrogenase into formic acid

47
Q

what organ metabolizes ethylene glycol

A

liver via alcohol dehydrogenase to glycoaldehyde

48
Q

what are the two antidotes to ethylene glycol

A

ethanol
fomepizole
both block metabolism of alcohol dehydrogenase

49
Q

this drug can be used to treat ethylene glycol poisoning and has 500-1,000x greater affinity for alcohol dehydrogenase than ethanol and is the GOLD standard for tx

A

fomepizole

50
Q

this is a tx of ethylene glycol that expedites elimination

A

hemodialysis

51
Q

cyanide MOA

A

complete blockage of oxidative phosphorylation
binds Fe3+ (iron)

52
Q

what is the most critical enzyme affected by cyanide?

A

cytochrome a3- loss of ATP synthesis w/o this enzyme functioning

53
Q

what is the function of cytochrome a3

A

ATP synthesis

54
Q

this antidote of cyanide includes sodium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate

A

nithoidote

55
Q

MAO of nithoidote for cyanide

A

nitrite oxide oxidizes iron and converts Hb to methemoglobin which has very high affinity for cyanide and facilitates elimination

56
Q

what cyanide antidote may cause severe hypotension

A

nithoidote

57
Q

this is the antidote of choice for cyanide and has a high affinity for cyanide

A

cyanokit

58
Q

in the presence of cyanokit and cyanide this is formed

A

nontoxic cyanobalamin

59
Q

this toxin interacts with Na/K transporters and has a narrow TI

A

digoxin

60
Q

overdose symptoms of digoxin

A

unusual blind spots
color mismatch
irregular pulse
tachycardia

61
Q

digoxin antidote

A

digibind
digitalis antidote
digiFab

62
Q

chelating agent of arsenic

A

dimercaprol

63
Q

chelating agent of iron

A

deferoxamine

64
Q

chelating agents of lead

A

succimer
EDTA

65
Q

chelating agents of mercury

A

succimer
dimercaprol

66
Q

this drugs acts as inhibiting the vitamin K cycle and reduces the activity of coagulation factor- dependent clotting functions

A

warfarin

67
Q

warfarin antidote

A

ORAL phytonadione (vitamin K)

68
Q

this antidote is used for paracetamol, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and radiocontrast nephropathy by replenishing depleted glutathione stores

A

acetylcyseine

69
Q

this antidote is used for cholinesterase inhibitors and insecticides because it blocks muscarinic cholinoceptors

A

atropine

70
Q

this antidote is used for drug-induced movement disorders by blocking muscarinic cholinoceptors

A

benzatropine

71
Q

this antidote is used for beta antagonists and Ca2+ channel blockers by bypassing blockage of b receptors and stimulating cyclic AMP formation with positive cardiac inotropic effect

A

glucagon

72
Q

this antidote is used for antimuscarinic drugs and inhibits acetylcholinesterase, causing ACh to accumulate at cholinoceptors

A

neostigmine

73
Q

this antidote is used for hypertension, clonidine and ergotamine by blocking a receptors

A

phentolamine

74
Q

this antidote is used for cholinesterase inhibitors or insecticides by reactivating cholinesterase

A

pralidoxime

75
Q

this antidote is used for heparin and binds ionically to neutralize

A

protamine

76
Q

this antidote is used for salicylate and alkalizes urine to enhance elimination

A

sodium bicarb

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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