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Pharmacology > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the treatments for allergic rhinitis?

A

oral and intranasal antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, and leukotriene receptor antagonists

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2
Q

this oral antihistamine generation penetrates the CNS, interacts with receptors other than just H1, and has anticholinergic properties

A

first generation

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3
Q

this generation of oral antihistamine has minimal distribution in CNS and is specific for H1 receptors

A

second generation

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4
Q

are these 1st or 2nd gen oral antihistamines:
hydroxyzine
promethazine
chlorpheniramine
diphenhydramine
doxylamine
meclizine

A

1st generation

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5
Q

are these 1st or 2nd generation oral antihistamines:
desloratadine
cetirizine
fexofenadine
loratadine
levocetirizine

A

2nd generation

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6
Q

oral antihistamines used for allergic rhinitis

A

loratadine, desloratadine, fexofenadine

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7
Q

oral antihistamine that helps with pregnancy induced n/v

A

doxylamine in combo with vitamin B6

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8
Q

oral anithistamines for motion sickness prevention

A

diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, meclizine

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9
Q

oral antihistamines for insomnia

A

diphenhydramine and doxylamine

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10
Q

oral antihistamine with antiparkinsonism effect

A

diphenhydramine

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11
Q

ADRs of oral antihistamines include..

A

sedation and anticholinergic effects

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12
Q

intranasal antihistamines for allergic rhinitis include…

A

Azelastine nasal (Astelin)
Olopatadine nasal (Patanase)

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13
Q

these are examples of __________ __________ used for allergic rhinitis
Beclomethasone nasal (Beconase AQ)
Budesonide nasal (Rhinocort Aqua)
Fluticasone propionate nasal (Flonase)
Mometasone nasal (Nasonex)
Triamcinolone nasal (Nasacort AQ)

A

intranasal corticosteroids

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14
Q

What is the main MOA of intranasal corticosteroids?

A

reduces proinflammatory mediators (PGs, LTRs, cytokines)
vasoconstriction of nasal passages
decreases sneezing, itching, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion

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15
Q

name a mast cell stabilizer used for allergic rhinitis

A

cromolyn inhaled (Intal)

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16
Q

mast cell stabilizer MOA

A

stabilizes mast cell and eosinophil plasma membranes, which prevents release of histamine

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17
Q

leukotriene receptor antagonist used for allergic rhinitis

A

motelukast (singulair)

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18
Q

what are the treatments for acute bacterial sinusitis?

A

NSAIDs, steam therapy, saline washes, intranasal corticosteroid

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19
Q

if abx are implicated for acute bacterial sinusitis, what is the first line tx?

A

augmentin

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20
Q

what are tx options for cough and cold?

A

oral and topical nasal decongestants, antitussives, expectorant

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21
Q

name the oral decongestants used for cough and cold

A

psedoephedrine, pseudoephedrine/ loratadine, phenylephrine

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22
Q

MOA of oral decongestants

A

stimulates adrenergic receptors and induces release of NE

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23
Q

ADRs of oral decongestants

A

increased BP, urinary retention, insomnia, HA, tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety, tremor, nausea

24
Q

who should avoid oral decongestants

A

BPH and HTN

25
Q

what two topical nasal decongestants are used for cough and cold

A

phenylephrine and oxymetazoline

26
Q

MOA of topical nasal decongestants

A

alpha agonists

27
Q

ADRs of topical nasal decongestants

A

same as oral, also rebound congestion

28
Q

what are the three antitussives used for cough and cold?

A

dextromethorphan, benzonatate, codeine

29
Q

how does dextromethorphan work?

A

depresses medullary cough center

30
Q

how does benzonatate work?

A

local anesthetic, reduces sensitivity of stretch receptors

31
Q

how does codeine work?

A

CNS cough suppressant

32
Q

what is the main expectorant used for cough and cold?

A

guaifenesin

33
Q

what does guaifenesin do?

A

thins airway mucus

34
Q

what are the main treatments for glaucoma?

A

PGs, non-selective beta blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cholinergic agonists

35
Q

what are the 3 PGs used for glaucoma?

A

travoprost, bimatoprost, latanoprost

36
Q

PG MOA

A

increases aqueous outflow

37
Q

ADRs of PGs

A

changes in iris pigmentation, eyelash growth, redness, tearing, eye pain

38
Q

what are 4 non-selective beta blockers used for glaucoma?

A

timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol, carteolol

39
Q

non-selective beta blocker MOA

A

reduces aqueous humor production

40
Q

ADRs of non-selective beta blockers

A

burning, stinging, itching, changes in vision, photosensitivity

41
Q

what are 2 carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used for glaucoma?

A

brinzolamide, dorzolamide

42
Q

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor MOA

A

reduces aqueous humor production

43
Q

ADR of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

bitter taste

44
Q

what are 2 cholinergic agonists used for glaucoma?

A

pilocarpine and carbachol

45
Q

cholinergic agonist MOA

A

increases aqueous outflow

46
Q

what are 7 common treatments for allergic conjunctivitis

A

antihistamines
antihistamines/ nasal decongestant
antihistamine/ mast cell stabilizer
mast cell stabilizers
steroids
NSAIDs
moisturize with blink

47
Q

what are the antihistamines used for allergic conjunctivitis?

A

ketotifen, levocetirizine, emedastine

48
Q

what is an antihistamine/ decongestant used for allergic conjunctivitis?

A

naphazoline/ pheniramine

49
Q

what antihistamines/ mast cell stabilizers are used for allergic conjunctivitis?

A

azelastine, epinastine, olopatadine

50
Q

what 2 mast cell stabilizers are used for allergic conjunctivitis?

A

nedocromil, cromolyn

51
Q

what NSAID is commonly used for allergic conjunctivitis

A

ketorolac

52
Q

what 2 steroids are commonly used for allergic conjunctivitis?

A

dexamthasone, prednisolone

53
Q

what are 4 common treatments of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

polytrim
fluroquinolones
aminoglycosides
macrolides

54
Q

what 2 fluroquinolones are commonly used for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

moxifloxacin
ciprofloxacin

55
Q

what 2 aminoglycosides are commonly used for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

gentamicin
tobramycin

56
Q

what 2 macrolides are commonly used for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

azithromycin, crythromycin

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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