Drugs, Diseases and Immunity Flashcards
What are methods of transmission of pathogens?
by airdirect contactanimal vector (urine, bites etc)ingestionby blood (transfusion, intercourse, cuts etc)
What are drugs?
any substance that the body takes in which affects or changes it’s metabolic reactions
What are antibiotics?
medicinal drugs that kills harmful bacteria by stopping the formation of their cell walls. It is made of microorganisms.
What are antibiotics mainly made of? Why?
Fungi, because it and bacteria compete for nutrition
What does overuse of antibiotics cause?
the creation of resistant bacteria, due to selection pressure
How do resistant bacteria form?
random mutation of bacteria to be resistant, these survive and live on
How does a lymphocyte kill a pathogen?
a lymphocyte will not recognize the pathogenthe lymphocyte will reproduce several timessince the lymphocyte has to have a specific shape to fit into the antigenslymphocytes will release specific antibodies to fight these antigenssome lymphocytes remain dormant as memory cellsantibodies attach to the antigens, and phagocytes are attracted to the area to perform phagocytosis
What is passive immunity?
when a person receives the antibodies from another sourceno memory cells created
What is active immunity?
when a person is exposed to the pathogen and theperson produces antibodies and memory cells
What is one example of active artificial immunity?
vaccination
What is one example of active natural immunity?
contracting a disease
What is one example of passive natural immunity?
receives antibodies from plascenta or breast milk
What is one example of passive artificial immunity?
venom serum given to person with antibodies, made by injecting venom into horse
What are 4 different ways vaccines can be made?
from weakened pathogensfrom dead pathogensfrom RNA or DNA of a pathogenfrom antigens from the pathogen
How does vaccination work?
antigens or dead/weakened pathogens injected into bloodstreamlymphocytes detect the antigens/pathogens and multiplythey produce antibodiesthey also produce memory cellsthe antibodies attach to the antigens, and phagocytosis occurscreation of memory cells prevent the disease from causing harm to person in the future
What is an advantage of passive immunity?
immediate effects and protection, live pathogen not injected
What is an advantage of active immunity?
memory cells created
Name the stages of the body after vaccination.
primary immune response, slow production of antibodiesprimary production of memory cellssecondary immune response, when infected againsecondary production of memory cells
What are symptoms of cholera?
vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration
What is the name of the pathogen of cholera?
vibrio cholera
How is cholera treated?
antibiotics kill pathogeningestion of isotonic solutions to stabilise blood concentration
What is the mechanism of action of the vibrio cholera?
destroys cell membrane of colonactivates protein pump that sends chloride to cells in the colon
Name 3 ways in which food could be contaminated.
washed by dirty water, touches by flies or dirty hands
what is pathogen
disease causing organism
what is a transmissible disease
disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another
how can a pathogen be transmitted
- by direct contact including blood and other fluids- indirectly including contaminated surfaces, food, animals and surfaces
how does your skin protect you from pathogens
skin forms a waterproof mechanical barrier
how do your nose hairs protect you from pathogens
ciliated cells sweep the mucus (that trap pathogen cells) move them away from your lungs
how do your white blood cells protect you from pathogens
they detect, engluf and destroy the pathogen
why is a clean water supply important for containing the spread of diseases
When people do not have access to clean water or have to rely on polluted water sources, they are prone to water-borne diseases
why is a clean water supply important for containing the spread of diseases
reduces the number of pathogens on surfaces and on parts of the body
what is cholera
disease caused by a bacterium which is transmitted in contaminated water
why is a clean water supply important for containing the spread of diseases?
When people do not have access to clean water or have to rely on polluted water sources, they are prone to water-borne diseases
What is active immunity?
the body’s defence against a pathogen by producing antibodies
Each pathogen has its own _______, which have ________ _____
- antigens- specific- shapes
What are antibodies?
proteins that bind to antigens, which cause their destruction
Specific ______ have _______ shapes which fit specific ________
- antibodies- complementary- antigens
How is active immunity gained?
by an infection by a pathogenby vaccination
What is the process of vaccination?
antigens or weakened pathogens inserted into bodylymphocytes will respond and produce antibodies and memory cellsmemory cells mean that the body will be protected from that pathogen
How does vaccination control the spread of diseases?
it gives people long-term immunity so that their body can quickly destroy the same pathogen if infected again, which controls the spread of diseases
What is passive immunity?
a short-term defence against a pathogen, occurs when the body receives antibodies from another individual
What are examples of passive immunity?
diffusion across the plascenta and in breast milk
State on reason, related to immunity, why breast feeding is important for infants.
it helps them develop passive immunity as they gain antibodies from their mother, helping them stay protected
What is one disadvantage of passive immunity?
memory cells are not creates
What is one disadvantage of active immunity?
the effect is not immediate like in a passive immunity situation
