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IGCSE Biology > 9. Transport in Animals > Flashcards

9. Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the circulatory system.

A

a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

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2
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

a circulatory system which has one complete body circuit - blood passes through heart once before reaching other organ

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3
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

a circulatory system which has two complete body circuits
blood passes through heart twice before reaching other organs (except lungs)

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4
Q

What is the route in a single circulatory system?

A

heart -> gills -> systemic capillaries -> heart

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5
Q

What is the route in a double circulatory system?

A

heart -> lungs -> heart -> rest of body -> heart

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6
Q

How many heart chambers are there in a single circulatory system?

A

two

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7
Q

How many heart chambers are there in a double circulatory system?

A

four

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8
Q

What is the type of blood pumped by the heart in a single circulatory system?

A

deoxygenated blood

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9
Q

What is the type of blood pumped by the heart in a double circulatory system?

A

deoxygenated and oxygenated blood

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10
Q

What is the pressure of oxygenated blood through the body in a single circulatory system?

A

low

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11
Q

What is the pressure of oxygenated blood through the body in a double circulatory system?

A

very high

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12
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of?

A

a pump (heart)
blood vessels
valves

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13
Q

What is the role of the right side of the heart?

A

pump deoxygenated blood to lungs

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14
Q

What is the role of the left side of the heart?

A

pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

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15
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

keep the blood moving

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16
Q

What is the function of the blood vessels?

A

carry blood

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17
Q

What is the function of the valves?

A

ensure a one-way flow of blood

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18
Q

What 2 effects does high pressure of blood have on the body?

A

greater flow of blood
blood can travel further in body

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19
Q

What are 4 advantages of a double circulatory system?

A
  • oxygen and glucose supplied rapidly to cells for respiration
  • waste carbon dioxide and water removed rapidly from cells
  • blood can be supplied to further parts of the body
  • ensures a near-constant body temp.
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20
Q

How does a double circulatory system ensure a near constant body temp.?

A

sufficient flow of warm blood throughout body

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21
Q

What happens to the blood in the lungs?

A

it is oxygenated

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22
Q

On which side of the heart is the muscle wall thicker?

A

left

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23
Q

Is the muscle wall thicker in atria or ventricles?

A

ventricles

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24
Q

Why is the muscle wall thicker in ventricles than atria?

A

they pump blood to different organs, so they need a high pressure
atria don’t need this since they receive from the other parts of the body

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25
Why is the septum important?
separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
26
State the stages of a heartbeat.
1. blood flows from veins into atria 2. atria contract, pushes blood into ventricles 3. atria pressure decreases, therefore atrioventricular valves close 4. ventricles contract, pushes blood into arteries 5. ventricles pressure decreases, causing pocket valves to close
27
What is the function of atrioventricular valves?
prevent blood in ventricles from flowing back to the atria
28
What is the function of pocket valves?
prevent blood in arteries from flowing back to the ventricles
29
What is the direction of blood flow in arteries?
away from heart
30
What is the direction of blood flow in veins?
towards the heart
31
What is the direction of blood flow in capillaries?
through organs
32
How may heart activity be monitored (3 ways) ?
ECG, pulse rate, listening to sounds of valves closing
33
What is the blood pressure in arteries?
high
34
What is the blood pressure in veins?
low
35
What is the blood pressure in capillaries?
very low
36
What is the diameter of the lumen in arteries?
small
37
What is the diameter of the lumen in veins?
large
38
What is the diameter of the lumen in capillaries?
very small
39
What is the thickness of the elastic wall (outer layer) in arteries?
thick
40
What is the thickness of the elastic wall (outer layer) in veins?
thin
41
What is the thickness of the elastic wall (outer layer) in capillaries?
none
42
What is the thickness of the muscle wall (middle layer) in arteries?
thick
43
What is the thickness of the muscle wall (middle layer) in veins?
thin
44
What is the thickness of the muscle wall (middle layer) in capillaries?
none
45
What is the thickness of the endothelial wall (inner layer) in arteries?
thin
46
What is the thickness of the endothelial wall (inner layer) in veins?
thin
47
What is the thickness of the endothelial wall (inner layer) in capillaries?
very thin: one cell thick
48
Which of the following structures contain valves: arteries, veins, or capillaries?
veins
49
Why does blood in capillaries move with very low pressure?
to allow time for exchange of molecules between cells
50
All veins carry deoxygenated blood. Is this true or false? Why?
false- most do, but the pulmonary vein is an exception
51
Almost all veins carry _______ blood.
deoxygenated
52
All arteries carry oxygenated blood. Is this true or false? Why?
false- most do, but the pulmonary artery is an exception
53
Function of veins.
carry blood from organs back towards heart under low pressure
54
Function of arteries.
carry blood away from the heart to the organs
55
Why do arteries have thick middle and outer layers?
so they can stretch and recoil to allow blood to be carried under high pressure.
56
Why does heart rate increase during exercise?
muscle cells need more energy, given by aerobic respiration heart beats faster to increase blood flow to cells and provide with glucose and oxygen and remove waste products
57
What happens to heart rate during exercise?
increases, but will gradually return to normal over the next few minutes after exercise
58
What causes coronary heart disease?
blockage of coronary arteries by fat deposits
59
What may happen when a coronary artery is blocked?
heart attack
60
What are possible risk factors for coronary heart disease?
diet, exercise, stress, smoking, genetic/family history, age, sex (men at greater risk)
61
Name the main blood vessels that go to and from the heart.
vena cava aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary vein
62
Name the main blood vessels that go to and from the lungs.
pulmonary artery pulmonary vein
63
Name the main blood vessels that go to and from the kidney.
renal artery renal vein
64
What are the components of blood?
red blood cells white blood cells platelets plasma
65
What is the function of red blood cells?
transporting oxygen (in the form of oxyhaemoglobin)
66
What is the function of white blood cells?
phagocytosis and antibody production
67
What is the function of platelets?
blood clotting
68
What is the function of plasma?
transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones and CO2
69
Are phagocytes regularly or irregularly shaped?
irregularly
70
Are lymphocytes regularly or irregularly shaped?
regularly
71
What is the function of blood clotting?
prevents blood loss prevents entry of pathogens
72
What is the function of lymphocytes?
antibody production
73
What is the function of phagocytes?
engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis
74
Describe briefly the process of clotting.
the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh
75
Function of the vena cava?
carries deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body (except lungs) to heart
76
Function of the aorta?
carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and towards the rest of the body
77
Function of the pulmonary vein?
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
78
Function of the pulmonary artery?
carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

IGCSE Biology (28 decks)

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