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IGCSE Biology > 9. Transport in Animals > Flashcards

9. Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the circulatory system.

A

a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

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2
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

a circulatory system which has one complete body circuit - blood passes through heart once before reaching other organ

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3
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

a circulatory system which has two complete body circuits
blood passes through heart twice before reaching other organs (except lungs)

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4
Q

What is the route in a single circulatory system?

A

heart -> gills -> systemic capillaries -> heart

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5
Q

What is the route in a double circulatory system?

A

heart -> lungs -> heart -> rest of body -> heart

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6
Q

How many heart chambers are there in a single circulatory system?

A

two

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7
Q

How many heart chambers are there in a double circulatory system?

A

four

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8
Q

What is the type of blood pumped by the heart in a single circulatory system?

A

deoxygenated blood

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9
Q

What is the type of blood pumped by the heart in a double circulatory system?

A

deoxygenated and oxygenated blood

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10
Q

What is the pressure of oxygenated blood through the body in a single circulatory system?

A

low

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11
Q

What is the pressure of oxygenated blood through the body in a double circulatory system?

A

very high

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12
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of?

A

a pump (heart)
blood vessels
valves

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13
Q

What is the role of the right side of the heart?

A

pump deoxygenated blood to lungs

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14
Q

What is the role of the left side of the heart?

A

pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

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15
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

keep the blood moving

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16
Q

What is the function of the blood vessels?

A

carry blood

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17
Q

What is the function of the valves?

A

ensure a one-way flow of blood

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18
Q

What 2 effects does high pressure of blood have on the body?

A

greater flow of blood
blood can travel further in body

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19
Q

What are 4 advantages of a double circulatory system?

A
  • oxygen and glucose supplied rapidly to cells for respiration
  • waste carbon dioxide and water removed rapidly from cells
  • blood can be supplied to further parts of the body
  • ensures a near-constant body temp.
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20
Q

How does a double circulatory system ensure a near constant body temp.?

A

sufficient flow of warm blood throughout body

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21
Q

What happens to the blood in the lungs?

A

it is oxygenated

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22
Q

On which side of the heart is the muscle wall thicker?

A

left

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23
Q

Is the muscle wall thicker in atria or ventricles?

A

ventricles

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24
Q

Why is the muscle wall thicker in ventricles than atria?

A

they pump blood to different organs, so they need a high pressure
atria don’t need this since they receive from the other parts of the body

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25
Q

Why is the septum important?

A

separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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26
Q

State the stages of a heartbeat.

A
  1. blood flows from veins into atria
  2. atria contract, pushes blood into ventricles
  3. atria pressure decreases, therefore atrioventricular valves close
  4. ventricles contract, pushes blood into arteries
  5. ventricles pressure decreases, causing pocket valves to close
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27
Q

What is the function of atrioventricular valves?

A

prevent blood in ventricles from flowing back to the atria

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28
Q

What is the function of pocket valves?

A

prevent blood in arteries from flowing back to the ventricles

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29
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in arteries?

A

away from heart

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30
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in veins?

A

towards the heart

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31
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in capillaries?

A

through organs

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32
Q

How may heart activity be monitored (3 ways) ?

A

ECG, pulse rate, listening to sounds of valves closing

33
Q

What is the blood pressure in arteries?

34
Q

What is the blood pressure in veins?

35
Q

What is the blood pressure in capillaries?

36
Q

What is the diameter of the lumen in arteries?

37
Q

What is the diameter of the lumen in veins?

38
Q

What is the diameter of the lumen in capillaries?

A

very small

39
Q

What is the thickness of the elastic wall (outer layer) in arteries?

40
Q

What is the thickness of the elastic wall (outer layer) in veins?

41
Q

What is the thickness of the elastic wall (outer layer) in capillaries?

42
Q

What is the thickness of the muscle wall (middle layer) in arteries?

43
Q

What is the thickness of the muscle wall (middle layer) in veins?

44
Q

What is the thickness of the muscle wall (middle layer) in capillaries?

45
Q

What is the thickness of the endothelial wall (inner layer) in arteries?

46
Q

What is the thickness of the endothelial wall (inner layer) in veins?

47
Q

What is the thickness of the endothelial wall (inner layer) in capillaries?

A

very thin: one cell thick

48
Q

Which of the following structures contain valves: arteries, veins, or capillaries?

49
Q

Why does blood in capillaries move with very low pressure?

A

to allow time for exchange of molecules between cells

50
Q

All veins carry deoxygenated blood. Is this true or false? Why?

A

false- most do, but the pulmonary vein is an exception

51
Q

Almost all veins carry _______ blood.

A

deoxygenated

52
Q

All arteries carry oxygenated blood. Is this true or false? Why?

A

false- most do, but the pulmonary artery is an exception

53
Q

Function of veins.

A

carry blood from organs back towards heart under low pressure

54
Q

Function of arteries.

A

carry blood away from the heart to the organs

55
Q

Why do arteries have thick middle and outer layers?

A

so they can stretch and recoil to allow blood to be carried under high pressure.

56
Q

Why does heart rate increase during exercise?

A

muscle cells need more energy, given by aerobic respiration
heart beats faster to increase blood flow to cells and provide with glucose and oxygen and remove waste products

57
Q

What happens to heart rate during exercise?

A

increases, but will gradually return to normal over the next few minutes after exercise

58
Q

What causes coronary heart disease?

A

blockage of coronary arteries by fat deposits

59
Q

What may happen when a coronary artery is blocked?

A

heart attack

60
Q

What are possible risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A

diet, exercise, stress, smoking, genetic/family history, age, sex (men at greater risk)

61
Q

Name the main blood vessels that go to and from the heart.

A

vena cava aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary vein

62
Q

Name the main blood vessels that go to and from the lungs.

A

pulmonary artery pulmonary vein

63
Q

Name the main blood vessels that go to and from the kidney.

A

renal artery renal vein

64
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

red blood cells white blood cells platelets plasma

65
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

transporting oxygen (in the form of oxyhaemoglobin)

66
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

phagocytosis and antibody production

67
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

blood clotting

68
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones and CO2

69
Q

Are phagocytes regularly or irregularly shaped?

A

irregularly

70
Q

Are lymphocytes regularly or irregularly shaped?

71
Q

What is the function of blood clotting?

A

prevents blood loss
prevents entry of pathogens

72
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

antibody production

73
Q

What is the function of phagocytes?

A

engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis

74
Q

Describe briefly the process of clotting.

A

the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh

75
Q

Function of the vena cava?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body (except lungs) to heart

76
Q

Function of the aorta?

A

carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and towards the rest of the body

77
Q

Function of the pulmonary vein?

A

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

78
Q

Function of the pulmonary artery?

A

carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

IGCSE Biology (28 decks)

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