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IGCSE Biology > 1. Characteristics and classification of living organisms > Flashcards

1. Characteristics and classification of living organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is movement?

A

the action of an organism or a part of it which causes a change in position/place

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2
Q

What is respiration?

A

chemical reaction that takes place in cells which break down nutrient molecules, releasing energy (for metabolism)

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3
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal/external environment

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4
Q

What is growth?

A

the permanent increase in size and dry mass

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5
Q

What is reproduction?

A

the process which makes more of the same type of organism

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6
Q

What is excretion?

A

removal of toxic waste products of metabolism and of substances which are in excess

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7
Q

What is nutrition?

A

the taking in of nutrients/materials for growth, energy and development

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8
Q

What are some examples of excretory products?

A

CO2, urea and sweat

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9
Q

What are some processes of excretion?

A

exhaling + gas exchange
urination
thermoregulation

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10
Q

What is egestion?

A

removal of undigested material as faeces

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11
Q

What is an example of sensitivity?

A

leaves changing direction to face sun

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12
Q

What are the main features used to group animals/plants into their kingdoms?

A

movement
respiration
sensitivity
growth
reproduction
excretion
nutrition

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13
Q

What are leaves from monocotyledons like?

A

they have parallel leaf veins

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14
Q

What are leaves from dicotyledons like?

A

have reticulated leaf veins (web-like)

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15
Q

What are flowers from dicotyledons like?

A

petals in multiples of 4/5

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16
Q

What are flowers from monocotyledons like?

A

petals in multiples of 3

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17
Q

What are features of the animal kingdom?

A

move
sexual reproduction
cells have nucleus
multicellular
respire through mitochondria and cytoplasm
both passive and active mechanism
heterotrophic nutrition

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18
Q

Which kingdoms are or can be heterotrophic?

A

animal, prokaryote, protist and fungi (all except plant)

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19
Q

Which is the only only autotrophic kingdom?

A

plant

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20
Q

Which kingdom contains only unicellular organisms?

A

prokaryote

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21
Q

What two kingdoms can use active mechanism of excretion?

A

animal and plant

22
Q

What are the features (simple structure) of viruses?

A

protein coat and genetic material

23
Q

Which kingdom only contains organisms with no nucleus?

A

prokaryote

24
Q

How can organisms be classified into groups?

A

by the features that they share

25
Q

What is a species?

A

a group of organisms that
can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

26
Q

What is the binomial system of naming species?

A

an internationally agreed system in which the
scientific name of an organism is made up of two
parts, showing the genus and species

27
Q

What do classification systems aim to do?

A

reflect
evolutionary relationships

28
Q

What is used as a means of classification?

A

the sequences of bases in DNA

29
Q

What do groups of organisms which share a more recent ancestor have in common?

A

have base sequences in DNA that are more
similar than those that share only a distant ancestor

30
Q

What are the main vertebrate groups?

A

mammals,
birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish

31
Q

What are the main arthropod groups?

A

myriapods, insects, arachnids, crustaceans

32
Q

Features of mammals

A
  • warm blooded
  • breathe w/ lungs
  • land or/and water
  • fur/hair
  • external ear
  • almost all give birth to live young ones
  • feed young w/ milk
33
Q

Features of birds

A
  • warm blooded
  • breathe w/ lungs
  • feathers
  • streamlined, reduce air resistance
  • forelimbs = wings and hindlimbs = scaly and claws
  • feed w/ beaks
  • internal fertilisation
34
Q

Features of reptiles

A
  • cold blooded
  • body covered in scales or plates preventing water loss
  • breathe w/ lungs
  • most have 4 limbs/legs, each with 5 toes + claws
  • internal fertilisation
35
Q

Features of amphibians

A
  • cold blooded
  • slimy, moist skin, no scales
  • eggs laid in water, external fertilisation
  • adults mostly live on land but return to water for fertilisation
  • eggs hatch into tadpoles living in water
  • adults: lungs / tadpoles: gills
  • moist skin also helps to breathe
36
Q

Features of fish

A
  • cold blooded
  • aquatic
  • almost all breathe w/ gills
  • scales cover body
  • fins: help swim
  • streamlined shape: minimises resistance
  • eggs laid in water, external fertilisation
37
Q

Features of myriapods

A
  • many legs (1/2 pairs per body segment)
  • many body parts, no distinct thorax/abdomen
  • one pair of antenna
  • no wings
38
Q

Features of insects

A
  • six legs
  • head, thorax, abdomen
  • one pair of antenna
  • 1/2 pairs of wings
39
Q

Features of arachnids

A
  • eight legs
  • cephalothorax and abdomen
  • no antenna nor wings
40
Q

Features of crustaceans

A
  • 10+ legs
  • head, thorax, abdomen (sometimes cephalothorax)
  • two pairs of antenna
  • no wings
41
Q

What is the cephalothorax?

A

head and thorax fused

42
Q

What do viruses consist of?

A

protein coat, genetic material

43
Q

Animal features

A

multicellular heterotrophs

44
Q

Protoctist features

A

most are unicellular, can be auto/heterotrophs

45
Q

Prokaryote features

A

unicellular. can be auto/heterotrophs. autotrophs have chlorophyll but no chloroplasts

46
Q

Plant features

A

multicellular autotrophs

47
Q

Fungus features

A

may be uni or multicellular. some are heterotrophs and some are sapotrophs

48
Q

Dicotyledon features

A

two cotyledons
network of veins
leaves are broad and short
vascular bundles arranged in a ring in the stem
tap root
petals in 4/5 multiples

49
Q

Monocotyledon features

A

one cotyledon
parallel veins
leaves are narrow and long
vascular bundles scattered in stem
fibrous roots
petals in multiples of 3

50
Q

Fern features

A

roots, stem and fronds
leaves produce spores, which are light and dispersed by wind to germinate and grow into new fern plants
stem below ground

51
Q

Flowering plants features

A

seeds formed in flowers
monocotyledon or dicotyledon

IGCSE Biology (28 decks)

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