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IGCSE Biology > 11. Gas Exchange in humans > Flashcards

11. Gas Exchange in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

What are features of gas exchange surfaces?

A
  • large surface area
  • thin
  • good blood supply
  • good ventilation with air
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2
Q

What are differences between inspired and expired air?

A

expired air has:
- less oxygen
- more CO2
- more water vapour

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3
Q

Why does expired air contain more water vapour than inspired air?

A

moisture evaporates from the cells of the gas exchange surface

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4
Q

Why does expired air contain more CO2 than inspired air?

A

CO2 is a waste product of respiration: must be removed from the body

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5
Q

Why does expired air contain less oxygen than inspired air?

A

oxygen is used by cells during aerobic respiration

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6
Q

How can you investigate the composition of inspired and expired air?

A

using limewater - presence of CO2 turns it milky/cloudy

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7
Q

Describe the effects of physical activity on the rate and depth of breathing.

A

rate and depth of breathing increases with exercise

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8
Q

_________ increases with exercise.

A

rate and depth of breathing

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9
Q

Run an experiment to investigate the effects of physical activity on the rate and depth of breathing.

A
  1. measure your breathing rate at rest (breaths p/ min)
  2. assess the depth of your breathing
  3. run on the spot for two minutes
  4. measure breathing rate again and assess depth of breathing again
  5. repeat previous step 2 min after ed of exercise, then again after 2 min
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10
Q

What is the function of cartilage in the trachea?

A

support the airway and help to keep it open

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11
Q

Where is cartilage found? What is it?

A

it is a tough material found in the trachea in rings

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12
Q

What is the thorax?

A

the chest

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13
Q

What happens when you breathe in?

A
  • volume of thorax increases
  • pressure inside decreases
  • air pushed into lungs
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14
Q

What happens when you breathe out?

A
  • volume of thorax decreases
  • pressure inside increases
  • air pushed out of lungs
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15
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

a sheet of muscle below the lungs that helps to ventilate the lungs

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16
Q

What happens to the diaphragm in breathing in/out?

A

Breathing in: diaphragm contracts
Breathing out: diaphragm relaxes

17
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles in breathing in/out?

A

Breathing in: relax
Breathing out: contract

18
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles in breathing in/out?

A

Breathing in: contract
Breathing out: relax

19
Q

What happens to the ribcage in breathing in/out?

A

Breathing in: moves upwards and outwards
Breathing out: moves downwards and inwards

20
Q

In breathing, what causes the ribs to move?

A

the action of internal and external intercostal muscles

21
Q

The action of internal and external intercostal muscles…

A

causes the ribs to move

22
Q

Why does rate and depth of breathing increase with physical activity?

A
  1. increased carbon dioxide concentration in the blood
  2. this is detected by the brain
  3. leads to an increased rate and greater depth of breathing to expel the carbon dioxide from the body
  4. changes also increase amount of oxygen obtained, needed for aerobic respiration to continue
23
Q

What is the role of goblet cells?

A

Produce and secrete sticky mucus, lining inside of trachea. Pathogens and particles in inspired air become trapped in it.

24
Q

Which cells produce mucus?

A

goblet cells

25
Q

What is the role of ciliated cells?

A

cilia move and sweep mucus out of the breathing system towards the throat, carrying away trapped pathogens or particles

26
Q

Which cells sweep mucus away?

A

ciliated cells

27
Q

What is mucus?

A

a sticky substance secreted by goblet cells that helps to trap particles and pathogens

28
Q

What is harmful for cilia?

A

smoking

29
Q

Smoking harms _______.

A

cilia

30
Q

order of respiration system

A 
Nose.
Mouth.
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
Lungs
31
Q

what is respiration

A

release of energy from organic compounds

32
Q

what is breathing

A

gas exchange in the lungs involving diffusion for co2 and o2

33
Q

what is ventilation

A

muscular contraction that control inhaling and exhaling

34
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide

35
Q

effect of temperature in respiration in yeast

A
  • rate of respiration initially increases with increasing temperature up to the optimum temperature (up to 40 °C)
  • then decreases as the temperature increases - enzyme that catalyses reaction is denatured

IGCSE Biology (28 decks)

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