7. Human Nutrition (and respiration)

Question 1

What is the function of the mouth?

Answer 1

It breaks down food into bolus and is where the ingestion of food takes place.

Question 2

What is the function of the salivary glands?

Answer 2

Release amylase rich saliva into mouth which breaks down starch.

Question 3

What is the function of the liver?

Answer 3

Liver produces bile.

Question 4

What is and what is the function of bile?

Answer 4

• alkaline green liquid
• neutralises acidic pH of chyme from the stomach
• helps emulsify fats (breaks fats into small droplets, allowing lipase to digest them into tiny fat droplets - separates fat droplets and increases surface area)

Question 5

What is the function of the gall bladder?

Answer 5

To store bile.

Question 6

What is the function of the small intestine?

Answer 6

Absorbs nutrients and further digests food.

Question 7

What do villi absorb? How are fats absorbed?

Answer 7

villi absorb water, simple sugars and amino acids

fats absorbed via the lacteal and go into lymphatic system

Question 8

What is the function of the pancreatic juice?

Answer 8

It neutralises the acidic pH of food coming from stomach and has enzymes that assist with digestion.

Question 9

What are the main digestive processes?

Answer 9

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion.

Question 10

What is assimilation?

Answer 10

Movement of digested food molecules into cells that need it.

Question 11

What is absorption?

Answer 11

Movement of small food molecules and ions through the intestinal wall into the blood.

Question 12

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 12

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

Question 13

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 13

glucose –> lactic acid (+ energy)

Question 14

How do the diaphragm muscles change when breathing in and out?

Answer 14

Breathing in: contracts| Breathing out: relaxes

Question 15

How do the external intercostal muscles change when breathing in and out?

Answer 15

Breathing in: contracts| Breathing out: relaxes

Question 16

What are four features of a good respiratory surface?

Answer 16

• thin epithelium- moist surface- large surface area- many capillaries

Question 17

Is there more water vapour in exhaled or inhaled air?

Answer 17

Exhaled air. Always.

Question 18

what is a balanced diet?

Answer 18

A balanced diet contains all the nutrients needed by the body, in the correct amounts to maintain health. It is an important aspect of a healthy lifestyle

Question 19

Source and importance of carbohydrates

Answer 19

Sources:
fruit, vegetables, pasta, bread, potatoes

importance:
provides energy

Question 20

Source and importance of fats and oils

Answer 20

Sources:
avocado, nuts, olive oil, oily fish

importance:
provides energy

Question 21

Source and importance of proteins

Answer 21

Sources:
meat, fish, eggs, beans, pulses, nuts

importance:
growth and repair

Question 22

Source and importance of vitamin C

Answer 22

Sources:
oranges, red peppers, kale, broccoli

importance:
maintains healthy blood vessels, skin, cartilage and bones

helps with wound healing

Question 23

Source and importance of vitamin D

Answer 23

Sources:
salmon, cheese, eggs

importance:
helps to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body, necessary to keep teeth, bones and muscles healthy

Question 24

Source and importance of iron

Answer 24

Sources:
red meat, beans, nuts

importance:
production of haemoglobin for red blood cells

Question 25

Source and importance of fibre

Answer 25

Sources: cereals, vegetables, fruit, brown rice, nuts, potatoes importance: helps digestion, and helps to move food and faeces along the gut associated with lower risks of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and bowel cancer

Question 26

Source and importance of water

Answer 26

Sources: water and drinks importance: about 60% of body mass is water, and it is needed in almost every process

Question 27

what causes scurvy

Answer 27

lack of vitamin c

Question 28

what causes rickets

Answer 28

lack of vitamin d

Question 29

alimentary canal order

Answer 29

mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum and ileum) and large intestine (colon, rectum, anus)

Question 30

what is ingestion

Answer 30

taking in of substances

Question 31

what is digestion

Answer 31

breakdown of food

Question 32

what is absorption

Answer 32

the movement of nutrients from | the intestines into the blood

Question 33

what is assimilation

Answer 33

uptake and use of nutrients by | cells

Question 34

egestion

Answer 34

the removal of undigested food | from the body as faeces

Question 35

what are the two types of digestion

Answer 35

mechanical and chemical

Question 36

what is mechanical digestion

Answer 36

breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small insoluble food molecules

Question 37

what is physical digestion

Answer 37

breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

Question 38

what does physical digestion do in relation to surface area

Answer 38

physical digestion increases the surface area of food for the action of enzymes in chemical digestion

Question 39

shape and function of incisors

Answer 39

chisel-shapes to cut food

Question 40

shape and function of canines

Answer 40

pointed to tear food

Question 41

shape and function of premolars

Answer 41

grind and mash food

Question 42

shape and function of molars

Answer 42

uneven cusps to chew food

Question 43

shape of enamel

Answer 43

hardest tissue made from calcium salts

Question 44

shape of dentine

Answer 44

major part. hard, bone-like contains living cells

Question 45

shape of pulp cavity

Answer 45

red central space containing blood vessels and nerves

Question 46

shape of gum

Answer 46

soft tissue surrounding bone

Question 47

shape of cement

Answer 47

helps attach root to jaw

Question 48

shape of crown

Answer 48

visible portion above the gum

Question 49

shape of neck

Answer 49

layer between crown and root

Question 50

shape of root

Answer 50

layer lying below gum

Question 51

What is the function of the villi?

Answer 51

increase surface area for absorption

Question 52

What is chemical digestion?

Answer 52

the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules

Question 53

what does amylase do

Answer 53

breaks down starch to maltose

Question 54

what does protease do

Answer 54

break down protein to amino acids

Question 55

what does lipase do

Answer 55

breaks down fats and oils to fatty acids and glycerol | and glycerol

Question 56

what does pepsin do

Answer 56

breaks down protein in the acidic conditions of the stomach | conditions of the stomach

Question 57

what does trypsin do

Answer 57

breaks down protein in the alkaline conditions of small intestine | conditions of the small intestine

Question 58

where are nutrients absorbed

Answer 58

samll intestine

Question 59

what does maltase do

Answer 59

maltase breaks down maltose to glucose on the membranes of the epithelium lining the small intestine

Question 60

where is amylase secreted

Answer 60

salivary glands pancreas

Question 61

where does amylase act

Answer 61

mouth small intestine

Question 62

where is protease secreted

Answer 62

stomach small intestine

Question 63

where does protease act

Answer 63

stomach small intestine

Question 64

where is lipase secreted

Answer 64

pancreas

Question 65

where does lipase act

Answer 65

small intestine

Question 66

where is pepsin secreted

Answer 66

stomach

Question 67

where does pepsin act

Answer 67

stomach

Question 68

where does trypsin act

Answer 68

small intestine

Question 69

where is trypsin secreted

Answer 69

pancreas

Question 70

what is gastric juice and what does it contain

Answer 70

Gastric juice is a mixture secreted in the stomach. It contains hydrochloric acid

Question 71

function of gastric juice

Answer 71

- It provides an acid pH needed for the enzymes there to work. - It kills bacteria in food.

Question 72

what is bile

Answer 72

alkaline mixture that neutralises the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach, to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action

Question 73

what is the region where nutrients are absorbed

Answer 73

small intestine

Question 74

where is water absorbed from

Answer 74

small intestine, but some is also absorbed from the colon

Question 75

significance of villi and microvilli

Answer 75

further increase the surface area of the small intestine, so that digested food molecules and water can be absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream

Question 76

in a villi, what are the blood capillaries wrapped around in? what is this structure responsible for?

Answer 76

lacteal - absorption of fats into the lymphatic system

Question 77

labelled diagram of villi

Answer 77

Question 78

essa ta sem pergunta

Answer 78

te amo mwuah

Question 79

order of tooth layered diagram de fora pra dentro

Answer 79

enamel, dentine, pulp

Question 80

labelled tooth diagram

Answer 80