7. Human Nutrition (and respiration) Flashcards
What is the function of the mouth?
It breaks down food into bolus and is where the ingestion of food takes place.
What is the function of the salivary glands?
Release amylase rich saliva into mouth which breaks down starch.
What is the function of the liver?
Liver produces bile.
What is and what is the function of bile?
- alkaline green liquid
- neutralises acidic pH of chyme from the stomach
- helps emulsify fats (breaks fats into small droplets, allowing lipase to digest them into tiny fat droplets - separates fat droplets and increases surface area)
What is the function of the gall bladder?
To store bile.
What is the function of the small intestine?
Absorbs nutrients and further digests food.
What do villi absorb? How are fats absorbed?
villi absorb water, simple sugars and amino acids
fats absorbed via the lacteal and go into lymphatic system
What is the function of the pancreatic juice?
It neutralises the acidic pH of food coming from stomach and has enzymes that assist with digestion.
What are the main digestive processes?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion.
What is assimilation?
Movement of digested food molecules into cells that need it.
What is absorption?
Movement of small food molecules and ions through the intestinal wall into the blood.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose –> lactic acid (+ energy)
How do the diaphragm muscles change when breathing in and out?
Breathing in: contracts| Breathing out: relaxes
How do the external intercostal muscles change when breathing in and out?
Breathing in: contracts| Breathing out: relaxes
What are four features of a good respiratory surface?
- thin epithelium- moist surface- large surface area- many capillaries
Is there more water vapour in exhaled or inhaled air?
Exhaled air. Always.
what is a balanced diet?
A balanced diet contains all the nutrients needed by the body, in the correct amounts to maintain health. It is an important aspect of a healthy lifestyle
Source and importance of carbohydrates
Sources:
fruit, vegetables, pasta, bread, potatoes
importance:
provides energy
Source and importance of fats and oils
Sources:
avocado, nuts, olive oil, oily fish
importance:
provides energy
Source and importance of proteins
Sources:
meat, fish, eggs, beans, pulses, nuts
importance:
growth and repair
Source and importance of vitamin C
Sources:
oranges, red peppers, kale, broccoli
importance:
maintains healthy blood vessels, skin, cartilage and bones
helps with wound healing
Source and importance of vitamin D
Sources:
salmon, cheese, eggs
importance:
helps to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body, necessary to keep teeth, bones and muscles healthy
Source and importance of iron
Sources:
red meat, beans, nuts
importance:
production of haemoglobin for red blood cells
Source and importance of fibre
Sources:
cereals, vegetables, fruit, brown rice, nuts, potatoes
importance:
helps digestion, and helps to move food and faeces along the gut
associated with lower risks of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and bowel cancer
Source and importance of water
Sources:
water and drinks
importance:
about 60% of body mass is water, and it is needed in almost every process
what causes scurvy
lack of vitamin c
what causes rickets
lack of vitamin d
alimentary canal order
mouth, oesophagus,
stomach, small intestine (duodenum and
ileum) and large intestine (colon, rectum,
anus)
what is ingestion
taking in of substances
what is digestion
breakdown of food
what is absorption
the movement of nutrients from
the intestines into the blood
what is assimilation
uptake and use of nutrients by
cells
egestion
the removal of undigested food
from the body as faeces
what are the two types of digestion
mechanical and chemical
what is mechanical digestion
breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small insoluble food molecules
what is physical digestion
breakdown of
food into smaller pieces without chemical change
to the food molecules
what does physical digestion do in relation to surface area
physical digestion increases the
surface area of food for the action of enzymes in
chemical digestion
shape and function of incisors
chisel-shapes to cut food
shape and function of canines
pointed to tear food
shape and function of premolars
grind and mash food
shape and function of molars
uneven cusps to chew food
shape of enamel
hardest tissue made from calcium salts
shape of dentine
major part. hard, bone-like contains living cells
shape of pulp cavity
red central space containing blood vessels and nerves
shape of gum
soft tissue surrounding bone
shape of cement
helps attach root to jaw
shape of crown
visible portion above the gum
shape of neck
layer between crown and root
shape of root
layer lying below gum
What is the function of the villi?
increase surface area for absorption
What is chemical digestion?
the breakdown
of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules
what does amylase do
breaks down starch to maltose
what does protease do
break down protein to amino acids
what does lipase do
breaks down fats and oils to fatty acids and glycerol
and glycerol
what does pepsin do
breaks down protein in the acidic conditions of the stomach
conditions of the stomach
what does trypsin do
breaks down protein in the alkaline conditions of small intestine
conditions of the small intestine
where are nutrients absorbed
samll intestine
what does maltase do
maltase breaks down maltose to glucose on
the membranes of the epithelium lining the
small intestine
where is amylase secreted
salivary glands
pancreas
where does amylase act
mouth
small intestine
where is protease secreted
stomach
small intestine
where does protease act
stomach
small intestine
where is lipase secreted
pancreas
where does lipase act
small intestine
where is pepsin secreted
stomach
where does pepsin act
stomach
where does trypsin act
small intestine
where is trypsin secreted
pancreas
what is gastric juice and what does it contain
Gastric juice is a mixture secreted in the stomach. It contains hydrochloric acid
function of gastric juice
- It provides an acid pH needed for the enzymes there to work.
- It kills bacteria in food.
what is bile
alkaline mixture that neutralises the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach, to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action
what is the region where nutrients are absorbed
small intestine
where is water absorbed from
small intestine, but some is also absorbed from the colon
significance of villi and microvilli
further increase the surface area of the small intestine, so that digested food molecules and water can be absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream
in a villi, what are the blood capillaries wrapped around in? what is this structure responsible for?
lacteal - absorption of fats into the lymphatic system
labelled diagram of villi
essa ta sem pergunta
te amo mwuah
order of tooth layered diagram de fora pra dentro
enamel, dentine, pulp
labelled tooth diagram
