Dozois 9 - Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Question 1

Total number of cases with the disorder at a given point in time

Answer 1

Prevalence

Question 2

Hearing voices and other sounds occur in up to 70 percent of patients with schizophrenia at some point in their disorder

Answer 2

auditory hallucinations “hearing voices”

70%

Question 3

Tendency for people with the schizophrenia to differ from each other in symptoms, family and personal background, response to treatment, and ability to live outside of hospital

Answer 3

heterogeneity

Question 4

exaggerated, distorted adaptations of normal behaviour - delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

Answer 4

Positive symptoms

Question 5

loss of typical behavior and experiences (diminished emotional expression or avolition, restricted)

Answer 5

Negative symptoms

Question 6

apathy and loss of motivation (inability to initiate and persevere in activities)
decrease in self-motivated self-initiated purposeful activities

Answer 6

Avolition (one of the two Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia)

Question 7

An inability to feel pleasure, as well as lack of emotional responsiveness
decreased ability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli

Answer 7

Anhedonia

Question 8

Misinterpretations of sensory perceptions that occur while a person is awake and conscious and in the absence of corresponding external stimuli e.g., people hear, see, smell, or feel things that are not really present
*suggested develop from a “misattribution of sensory experience”

Answer 8

Hallucinations

Question 9

Implausible beliefs that persist despite reliable contradictory evidence.

Answer 9

Delusions

Question 10

“paranoid” delusions, in which individuals believe that they are being pursued or targeted for sabotage, ridicule, or deception (are the most common form of …

Answer 10

Persecutory delusions

Question 11

Belief that common, meaningless occurrences have significant and personal relevance.

Answer 11

Referential delusions

Question 12

Beliefs related to the patient’s body

Answer 12

somatic delusions

Question 13

belief that biblical or other religious passages or stories offer the way to destroy or to save the world

Answer 13

religious delusion

Question 14

May entail a belief in divine or special powers that can change the course of history or provide a communication channel to God,

Answer 14

Delusions of grandeur

Question 15

Logical connections between ideas occurs and the thought-disordered patient shifts quickly from one topic to another

Answer 15

Loosening of associations

Question 16

Defined by abnormal movements or posture (maintaining a rigid, inappropriate or bizarre posture)
decreased in reactivity to the environment

Answer 16

catatonic (behavior)

Question 17

A stable and enduring sign or trait of the disorder that occurs before a person actually succumbs to the disorder and experiences the symptoms

Answer 17

vulnerability marker

Question 18

Hallucinations that occur while falling asleep

Answer 18

hypnagogic (consider to be in the range of normal experiences)

Question 19

hallucinations that occur while waking up

Answer 19

hypnopompic (consider to be in the range of normal experiences)

Question 20

typically inferred from the individual’s speech when switching from topic to topic and is linguistically disorganized “word salad”

Answer 20

Disorganized thinking (speech)

Question 21

a complete lack of verbal and motor responses

Answer 21

mutism and stupor

Question 22

reduction in expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of speech (prosody), and movements of the hands, head, and face that normally normally give an emotional emphasis to speech

Answer 22

diminished emotional expression (one of the two Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia)

Question 23

manifested by diminished speech output (another negative symptom)

Answer 23

Alogia

Question 24

refers to lack of interest in social interactions

Answer 24

Asociality

Question 25

restricted range and intensity of emotion

Answer 25

Affective flat

Question 26

Early sign or symptom that often indicates the onset of a disease before more diagnostically specific signs and symptoms develop

Answer 26

Prodromal symptoms

Question 27

Misunderstood mental disorder- Images of “raving lunatics, crazy people, “Madness”, “insanity”, “lunacy”

Answer 27

Schizophrenia

Question 28

Reduction of symptoms and improved daily functioning

Answer 28

Remission

Question 29

What are the more obvious signs of psychosis in Schizophrenia?

Answer 29

delusions, hallucinations, thought and speech disorder, and catatonic behavior.

Question 30

Refers to the inability to initiate and persevere in activities.

Answer 30

Avolition, or apathy

Question 31

failing to convey any feeling in their face, tone of voice, or body language.
*intensity of emotional expressiveness is often restricted in Schizophrenia

Answer 31

Diminished emotional expression

Question 32

Behaviors that refer to deficits in movement ranging from agitation to immobility

Answer 32

motor symptoms and grossly disorganized or catatonic. behavior

Question 33

The DSM-5 recognizes two negative symptoms in Schizophrenia. What are they?

Answer 33

diminished emotional expression or avolition

Question 34

smell

Answer 34

Olfactory

Question 35

touch

Answer 35

Tactile

Question 36

psychosis can also occur in these disorders:

Answer 36

substance abuse, medical conditions, delusional disorder

Question 37

A disorder described by the same symptoms that describe schizophrenia, but concurrent with a major depressive or manic mood episode

Answer 37

Schizoaffective disorder

Question 38

includes persistent delusions for one month or more without overtly bizarre behavior or other schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 38

Delusional disorder

Question 39

What is a significant drawback of the DSM-5 diagnosis to Schizophrenia?

Answer 39

its subjectivity-symptoms are private experiences that a patient describes to a clinician.

Question 40

Markers that occur in virtually all people with the illness

* too private and subjective in Schizophrenia

Answer 40

disease markers

Question 41

Biological or behavior predispositions that make the disorder more likely (related to genetics)
* limited efficacy?

Answer 41

Endophenotypes

Question 42

A potential marker of schizophrenia involves smooth pursuit eye movements. Schizophrenia patients often exhibit irregularities in these eye movements. Their BLANK records reveal more deviations from the stimulus path, and thus more errors, when compared to a healthy comparison group.
* only 50 %

Answer 42

Eye-tracking

Question 43

A rejecting mother could BLANK thereby creating the conditions for a weak and primitive ego.

Answer 43

Schizophrenrenogenic

Question 44

Jung became convinced that universal symbols existed in the unconscious mind and erupted into waking life in the course of dreams and mental illness like schizophrenia
* swinging penis attached to the sun was the source of the wind

Answer 44

collective unconscious

Question 45

explanation held that people with schizophrenia experienced reduced social mobility due to symptoms that either limited or prevented the achievement of educational or occupational goals.
*current research suggests that genetic liability influences both poverty and schizophrenia

Answer 45

Social drift

Question 46

a hereditary or constitutional predisposition to a disorder (vulnerability)

Answer 46

diathesis

Question 47

Required influences to push people over a threshold into psychosis

Answer 47

Stress and diathesis

Question 48

Theory that proposes a biological diathesis, termed “hypokrista” that occurs throughout the brain, making nerve cells abnormally reactive to incoming stimulation

Answer 48

Meehl’s theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and Schizophrennia

Question 49

Hypokrisia does not cause intellectual disability or other gross disorders of the brain of the brain function. what it does produce is a subtler disturbance that Meehl called

Answer 49

Cognitive slippage

Question 50

A person experiencing cognitive slippage and aversive drift is termed a

Answer 50

schizotype

Question 51

related to negative symptoms such as social withdrawal and disinterest.

Answer 51

aversive drift

Question 52

Known that a proportion of people with a dominant gene will fail to show the effect of that gene.

Answer 52

Pentrance

Question 53

The study of modifications of gene expressions that are caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence

Answer 53

Epigenetics

Question 54

Understand etiology- assumes that a genetic predisposition is only part of the pathway that eventually causes an illness

Answer 54

The diathesis-stress approach

Question 55

Risk factor of medical and delivery- related problems at birth may predispose a person to schizophrenia
(eg. prolonged labour, preterm delivery, low birth weight, fetal distress, and breathing difficulties

Answer 55

Birth- related complications

Question 56

Negative interpersonal communications directed at the family member with the disorder

Answer 56

Expressed emotion

Question 57

idea that schizophrenia shows itself early in behavior and increases with. adverse environmental events and stresses over the course of childhood and and adolescence is very appealing.

Answer 57

cumulative liability

Question 58

the first genuine psychotic medication

Answer 58

chlorpromazine

Question 59

modern psychotic medication that provide symptom control with fewer side effect than the older chlorpromazine family of drugs.

Answer 59

risperidone and olanzapine

Question 60

Slow processing of information, poor coordination, and deficient attention, perception, and learning are characteristic of most of these people with

Answer 60

schizophrenia

Question 61

chemical labels that bind selectively with specific receptor sites became available

Answer 61

ligands