Dozois 9 - Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Total number of cases with the disorder at a given point in time

A

Prevalence

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2
Q

Hearing voices and other sounds occur in up to 70 percent of patients with schizophrenia at some point in their disorder

A

auditory hallucinations “hearing voices”

70%

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3
Q

Tendency for people with the schizophrenia to differ from each other in symptoms, family and personal background, response to treatment, and ability to live outside of hospital

A

heterogeneity

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4
Q

exaggerated, distorted adaptations of normal behaviour - delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

A

Positive symptoms

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5
Q

loss of typical behavior and experiences (diminished emotional expression or avolition, restricted)

A

Negative symptoms

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6
Q

apathy and loss of motivation (inability to initiate and persevere in activities)
decrease in self-motivated self-initiated purposeful activities

A

Avolition (one of the two Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia)

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7
Q

An inability to feel pleasure, as well as lack of emotional responsiveness
decreased ability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli

A

Anhedonia

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8
Q

Misinterpretations of sensory perceptions that occur while a person is awake and conscious and in the absence of corresponding external stimuli e.g., people hear, see, smell, or feel things that are not really present
*suggested develop from a “misattribution of sensory experience”

A

Hallucinations

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9
Q

Implausible beliefs that persist despite reliable contradictory evidence.

A

Delusions

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10
Q

“paranoid” delusions, in which individuals believe that they are being pursued or targeted for sabotage, ridicule, or deception (are the most common form of …

A

Persecutory delusions

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11
Q

Belief that common, meaningless occurrences have significant and personal relevance.

A

Referential delusions

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12
Q

Beliefs related to the patient’s body

A

somatic delusions

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13
Q

belief that biblical or other religious passages or stories offer the way to destroy or to save the world

A

religious delusion

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14
Q

May entail a belief in divine or special powers that can change the course of history or provide a communication channel to God,

A

Delusions of grandeur

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15
Q

Logical connections between ideas occurs and the thought-disordered patient shifts quickly from one topic to another

A

Loosening of associations

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16
Q

Defined by abnormal movements or posture (maintaining a rigid, inappropriate or bizarre posture)
decreased in reactivity to the environment

A

catatonic (behavior)

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17
Q

A stable and enduring sign or trait of the disorder that occurs before a person actually succumbs to the disorder and experiences the symptoms

A

vulnerability marker

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18
Q

Hallucinations that occur while falling asleep

A

hypnagogic (consider to be in the range of normal experiences)

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19
Q

hallucinations that occur while waking up

A

hypnopompic (consider to be in the range of normal experiences)

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20
Q

typically inferred from the individual’s speech when switching from topic to topic and is linguistically disorganized “word salad”

A

Disorganized thinking (speech)

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21
Q

a complete lack of verbal and motor responses

A

mutism and stupor

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22
Q

reduction in expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of speech (prosody), and movements of the hands, head, and face that normally normally give an emotional emphasis to speech

A

diminished emotional expression (one of the two Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia)

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23
Q

manifested by diminished speech output (another negative symptom)

A

Alogia

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24
Q

refers to lack of interest in social interactions

A

Asociality

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25
restricted range and intensity of emotion
Affective flat
26
Early sign or symptom that often indicates the onset of a disease before more diagnostically specific signs and symptoms develop
Prodromal symptoms
27
Misunderstood mental disorder- Images of "raving lunatics, crazy people, "Madness", "insanity", "lunacy"
Schizophrenia
28
Reduction of symptoms and improved daily functioning
Remission
29
What are the more obvious signs of psychosis in Schizophrenia?
delusions, hallucinations, thought and speech disorder, and catatonic behavior.
30
Refers to the inability to initiate and persevere in activities.
Avolition, or apathy
31
failing to convey any feeling in their face, tone of voice, or body language. *intensity of emotional expressiveness is often restricted in Schizophrenia
Diminished emotional expression
32
Behaviors that refer to deficits in movement ranging from agitation to immobility
motor symptoms and grossly disorganized or catatonic. behavior
33
The DSM-5 recognizes two negative symptoms in Schizophrenia. What are they?
diminished emotional expression or avolition
34
smell
Olfactory
35
touch
Tactile
36
psychosis can also occur in these disorders:
substance abuse, medical conditions, delusional disorder
37
A disorder described by the same symptoms that describe schizophrenia, but concurrent with a major depressive or manic mood episode
Schizoaffective disorder
38
includes persistent delusions for one month or more without overtly bizarre behavior or other schizophrenia symptoms
Delusional disorder
39
What is a significant drawback of the DSM-5 diagnosis to Schizophrenia?
its subjectivity-symptoms are private experiences that a patient describes to a clinician.
40
Markers that occur in virtually all people with the illness | * too private and subjective in Schizophrenia
disease markers
41
Biological or behavior predispositions that make the disorder more likely (related to genetics) * limited efficacy?
Endophenotypes
42
A potential marker of schizophrenia involves smooth pursuit eye movements. Schizophrenia patients often exhibit irregularities in these eye movements. Their BLANK records reveal more deviations from the stimulus path, and thus more errors, when compared to a healthy comparison group. * only 50 %
Eye-tracking
43
A rejecting mother could BLANK thereby creating the conditions for a weak and primitive ego.
Schizophrenrenogenic
44
Jung became convinced that universal symbols existed in the unconscious mind and erupted into waking life in the course of dreams and mental illness like schizophrenia * swinging penis attached to the sun was the source of the wind
collective unconscious
45
explanation held that people with schizophrenia experienced reduced social mobility due to symptoms that either limited or prevented the achievement of educational or occupational goals. *current research suggests that genetic liability influences both poverty and schizophrenia
Social drift
46
a hereditary or constitutional predisposition to a disorder (vulnerability)
diathesis
47
Required influences to push people over a threshold into psychosis
Stress and diathesis
48
Theory that proposes a biological diathesis, termed "hypokrista" that occurs throughout the brain, making nerve cells abnormally reactive to incoming stimulation
Meehl's theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and Schizophrennia
49
Hypokrisia does not cause intellectual disability or other gross disorders of the brain of the brain function. what it does produce is a subtler disturbance that Meehl called
Cognitive slippage
50
A person experiencing cognitive slippage and aversive drift is termed a
schizotype
51
related to negative symptoms such as social withdrawal and disinterest.
aversive drift
52
Known that a proportion of people with a dominant gene will fail to show the effect of that gene.
Pentrance
53
The study of modifications of gene expressions that are caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence
Epigenetics
54
Understand etiology- assumes that a genetic predisposition is only part of the pathway that eventually causes an illness
The diathesis-stress approach
55
Risk factor of medical and delivery- related problems at birth may predispose a person to schizophrenia (eg. prolonged labour, preterm delivery, low birth weight, fetal distress, and breathing difficulties
Birth- related complications
56
Negative interpersonal communications directed at the family member with the disorder
Expressed emotion
57
idea that schizophrenia shows itself early in behavior and increases with. adverse environmental events and stresses over the course of childhood and and adolescence is very appealing.
cumulative liability
58
the first genuine psychotic medication
chlorpromazine
59
modern psychotic medication that provide symptom control with fewer side effect than the older chlorpromazine family of drugs.
risperidone and olanzapine
60
Slow processing of information, poor coordination, and deficient attention, perception, and learning are characteristic of most of these people with
schizophrenia
61
chemical labels that bind selectively with specific receptor sites became available
ligands